- Lianzasuana
Roll No.1501BA129
Department of History
Pachhunga University College
Canton chu China a sumdawnna hmun pawimawh tak a ni a, bungraw phurh luh leh phurh chhuah zawng zawng chu Canton a tihfel vek a ni ṭhin. Ramdang sumdawng Canton a awm te chu dan khauh tak hnuaiah an awm a. China sumdawng co-hong te nen ram dang sumdawng te chu an in dawr ṭhin a ni. Ram dang sumdawng te chuan buaina neuh neuh an tawk ṭhin a, Canton a sumdawnna chu thlak an duh hle.
British sumdawng te chuan Canton a sumdawn chu him lo leh lungawi thlak loh an ti a. Lady Hughes lawng a sap pakhat in Chinese mi a kahhlum thilthleng khan ram pahnih inkar boruak chu a ti so sang zual a, China chuan an lawng te leh Canton sumdawnna chu an khar mai ṭhin a. Chuvang chuan British sawrkar chuan buaina chhuak ṭhin te, China a sumdawnna ti lian lehzual turin palai atan Charles Allan Cathcart, Parliament member leh Bengal army a quartermaster-general chu December 21, 1789 khan an tir ta a. Mah se kawng laka Cathcart a thih avangin an chhunzawm thei ta lo.
China ah chuan sumdawnna kalpui dan thlak leh tih zauh theih nan British sawrkar chuan vawi hnih chu Macartney leh Amherst te a tir leh a ni.
THE MACARTNEY MISSION
British sawrkarin palai tura a ruat ang in kum 17923 December 26 khan Lord Macartney leh a ṭhian Sir George Staunton leh mi dang 84 te chuan London chhuah san in China ram chu an pan ta a. British pawisa 15,610 pounds man hu thipek an keng tel bawk. China ram a sumdawnna tih zauh zel leh inremna siam bakah hian Macartney leh a ṭhiante chuan thil tum paruk pawimawh tak an nei a, chungte chu :
(i) China ram a thingpui leh puan an chîn na hmun neih ve a, British sumdawng te an awm ve a, English dan a rorel
(ii) China nen a sumdawnna kawng a inremna siam leh a ram puma British sumdawnna tih zauh
(iii) Canton a buaina awm ṭhin sut kian
(iv) Bristish sumdawng te China ram a sumdawng tura sawm
(v) Peking a British palai neih/dah
(vi) Japan, Cochin China leh chhuah lam thliarkar a British sumdawnna kalpui.
British palaite chuan Canton chu June 19, 1793 khan an thleng a. Ch'ing sawrkar chuan British palaite chu an thipek te avangin an lo dawng sawng ṭha hle a. China rama an cham chhung a an pawisa hman tur te an pe bawk. Tientsin aṭang chuan China lal tilpek atan bawm 600 chu Peking an panpui leh a ni. Peking aṭang chuan September ni 2 ah Jehol, an lal Ch'ien-lung awmna chu an pan leh ta a. China ram lal ber Ch'ien-lung chuan British palaite chu a lo lawm hle a. Mah se Macartney an chibai (kowtow) duhloh avangin a lungawi lo deuhva, a tawpah erawh chuan Macartney a chu a ke pakhat a ṭhingṭhit a rem tihpui a ni. September 26 khan Peking-ah an let leh ta a. British palaite chuan October ni 7 ah Peking an chhuahsan leh ta a ni.
China lal Ch'ien-ung chuan Britain lal George III hnenah lehkha thawnin Peking a palai awm tura an dil na chu pawm lovin Chinese dan kalh a nih thu a hrilh a. Chien-lung chuan Macartney a dilna paruk te chu pakhat mah a pawm duhlo a ni. British sawrkar in pound 78,522 seng a China ram a Macartney leh a pawlte a tirh chu a hlawhtling lo.
THE AMHERST MISSION 1816
British sawrkar chuan February 8, 1816 khan Lord Amherst, India Governor hlui leh palai dang pahnih Henry Ellis leh Sir George Thomas Staunton te chu China-ah an thawn leh ta a. August 13, 1816 ah thilpek 52 te nen Amherst chuan Tientsin a thleng a, Board of Public Works a an president in a lo dawngsawng a ni. China lal chibai buk (kowtow) tura an tih khan Amherst chuan duh lovin a lukhum vawi thum lak thlak leh a lu vawi kua kun a thlang zawk a, chumi avang inhnial tawp theilo chuan Tungchow, Peking aṭang a mel 10 vel a hla ah chuan ni 10 chhung an tang a ni.
August 28 tlai lamah chuan Peking pan an phal ta chauh a. Kalkawng ah chuan Chinese hruaitute leh Amherst a chu an inhnial buai ta a. Amherst a chu an thlem lungawi thei ta si lo, Chinese hruaitute chuan British palai, Amherst chu a damlo a ni tiin diklo takin an lal Chia-Ching chu an hrilh a. China lal Chia-Ch'ing chuan thuchhuah siamin British palaite chu China chhuahsan tur leh an thilpek te a dawn loh tur thu a puang a ni. Tihtheih dang nei ta hek lo, Canton chu January 28, 1817 ah an chhuahsan ta nghe nghe.
Macartney leh Amherst a ten China nen inremna an siam theihlo leh a hlawhchham takah chuan British roreltu te chuan China nen a insumdawn tawnna tihtawp emaw, Chinese duh dan a kalpui emaw, sipai chakna hmang a thlâk an rawt a. Khawvel a ram chak leh tuipui te chung a roreltu ram chuan sipai chakna hmang a siam ṭhat an tum a. China chuan Amherst an an a zahlo chu an ngaitheilo hle a ni. Emperor Chia-Ch'ing chun Canton sumdawnna chu tihtawp hial a tum a, mahse indona len buai chhuak thei a nih avangin Canton a governor-general ngenna a angin a kalpui êm ta lo.
Canton sumdawnna chu mimal sumdawng pung chak leh India aṭanga opium tawlh ruk nasat avangin a inthlak thleng nasa hle a. Kum zabi 19 na ah phei chuan a inthlak nasa lehzual a ni. Lintin leh Hongkong aṭangin opium chu an tawlh ru nasa a, an hlawkna turin sumdawng dang (non-hong) te nen an thawk dun a ni. Kum 1820 vel a Bristih ten China a an tawlh luh lar tak a ni. Mimal sumdang pung zel leh opium tawlh luh avangin Canton sumdawnna chu a inthlak nasa in British leh Chinese inkar ah ingeih lohna tam tak a rawn chhuah phah ta a ni.
References:
Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, Oxford University Press, USA; 6 edition
(December 9, 1999)
Schirokauer, Conrad. 1981, Modern China and Japan. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York
