lssues discussed by nationalist historian writing in modern period- Penty Lalramhluni 6th sem Roll no - 566

Nationalist Historiography flourished mainly in dealing with the ancient and mediaval periods. It hardly existed in the modern period and came into being mainly after, 1947, no school of nationalist historians of modern India having existed before 1947. This was in part because, in the era of  nationalism, to be a nationalist was also to be anti-imperialist, which meant confrontation with the ruling, colonial authorities. And that was not possible for academies because of colonial control over the educational system. It became safe to be anti-imperialist only after 1947. Consequently, a history of the national movement or of colonial economy did not exist. This is , of course, not a complete explanation of the absence of nationalist historiography before 1947.  

A detailed and scientific critique of colonialism was developed in the last quarter of the 19th century by non-academic, nationalist economists such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice Ranadi, G.V. Joshi, R.C Dutt, K.T Telang, G.K Gokhale and D.E Wacha. Several academic economists followed in their footsteps in the first half of the 20th century. Their critique did not find any reflection in history books of the periods. This critique, however formed the core of nationalist agitation in the era of mass movement after 1920. A few historians who referred in passing to the national movement and nationalist historians after 1947 did not see it as an anti- imperialist movement. Similarly, the only history of the national movement that was written was by nationalist leaders such as R.G Pradhan, A.C Mazumdar, Jawaharlal Nehru and Pattabhi Sitaramayya. Post 1947 historians accepted the legitimacy of nationalism and the Indian national movement but dealt with its foundation in the economic critique of the colonialism. They also tended to underplay, when not ignoring completely, other streams of the nationalists struggle.

Modern historians have also been divided between those, such as Tara Chand, who held that Indian has been a nation in the making since the 19the century and those who argue that Indian has been a nation since the ancient times, to their credit, all of them accept Indian's diversity, i.e., its multi - lingual, multi - cultural character.

Nationalist historians also have ignored or severely underplayed inner contradictions of Indian society based on class and caste or the oppression of and discrimination of against women and tribes. They have also ignored the movements against class and caste oppressions. They have seldom made an in - depth analysis of the national movement and often indulged in its blind glorification while adopting a secular position and condemning communalism, they do not make a serious analysis of its character or elements, causation and development. Quite often, it is seen merely as an outcome of the British policy of 'divided and rule'. They give due space to the social reform movements but do not take a critical look at them, and often ignore the movements of the tribal people and the lower castes for their emancipation. As a whole, historians neglected economic, social and cultural history and at the most attached a chapter or two an these without integrating them into the main narrative.

Nationalist historian did, however, set up high tradition of scholarship. They based their writings on hard research and commitment to truth as they saw it. They carefully and meticulously footnoted all their statements. Consequently their writing was very often empirically sound. Their research advanced our understanding and interpretation of the past. They also contributed to the cultural defence against colonisation on our culture. Simultaneously, most of them contributed to the positive aspects of the modernisation of our society. Many of them also uncovered new sources and developed new frameworks for the interpretation  of existing source. They raised many new questions, produced controversies and initiated active debates. They also inculcated the nation that historical research and writing should have relevance for the present. Even when not going far in their own research, they accepted and promoted the nation that the role that the common people play in history should be a major component of history writing.

Above all, nationalist historical writing contributed to the self - confidence, self - assertion and a certain national pride which enabled Indian people to struggle against colonialism especially in the face of denigration of India's past and the consequent interiority complex promoted by colonial writers. In this respect as in many others, nationalist historical writing in India became a major unifying factor so far as the literate Indians were concerned.

Reference:

MHI-03 'Historiography'

IGNOU

Translation:

    Nationalist Historiography hi hman lai hun khan a thang duang hle a, tunlai hunah hi chuan a awm mang lo a a ni. Kum 1947 hnu lamah chiah a rawn lang leh tan a, hemi hma hi chuan hetiang lampang zirna hi awm ngai lo a ni. Hemi hi a chhan pakhat chu ram hmangaihtu ten an ram hmangaihna kha lantir a rem lo a, an ti lang a nih chuan an ram awptu lal an hmachhawn a ngai zel ani. Lehkhathiam tan pawh tih theih vak an nei lo a, a chhan chu an lehkha zir dan zawng zawng pawh British ho in an thuhnuaiah an dah vek vang a ni. Hun a lo kal zel a, 1947 hnu lamah chuan a lo ziawm ve ta deuh a. Ram awp na that lohzia te mi thiam ten an lo auchhuah pui ta a. Chung mite chu Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice Ranade, GV Joshi, RC Dutt leh mi dang te an ni. Hei hi kum zabi 19na lai vel kha a ni. Kum zabi 20na a lo thlen chuan an hnung zuiin mithiam tan takin hetiang lampang hawi zawng thu an lo nei ve leh zel a. A tir chuan ngaihven hlawh em em lo mahse, Kum 1920 a lo thlen chuan mipui zingah a thawk na tawh hle a ne. Mahse hei hi mi tan  chuan ram in awpbehna lantirna tak tak ah an ngai lo a, inhnialna tam tak a awm phah a ni.

  National movement lampang ziaktu awm chhun te chu RG Pradhan, AC Mazumdar, Jawaharlal Nehru leh Pratibha Sitaramayya. 1947 hnu lamah chuan ram hmangaih hawi lampang chu historians te chuan an lo pawm ve ta ani. Historians ngaihdan te pawh a ni ang lo ta nual a. Tara Chand chuan kum zabi 19 atang vel in India chu hnam pum khat ang in a siam tan niin a sawi a, thenkhat erawh chuan hmanlai hun atang daih tawh a hnam pum khat ni tawh in an sawi thung ani. Chutihrual chuan India chu mi chi hrang hrang, tawng hrang hrang, rinna hrang hrang awmkhawm an nih tih chu an pawm vek a ni. Mahse Indian society chu chi inthliarna te, hmechhia hmuhsitna leh hnam hnuaihnung te hnuaichhiahna a nih thu te chu an sawi lang leh bawk si lo a, a thatna lampang ringawt an sawi uar a ni. Hnam hnuaihnung zawk hmalakna te chu an ngaihthah fo thin a ni.

 Amaherawhchu, nationalist historian te hian thil tha tam tak an ti ve tho a, an thil tih reng reng ngun takin an ngaihtuah hmasa a, tha takin an chhinchiah bawk a ni. Kan khawtlang inrelbawl dan tihhmasawnna kawngah pawh min pui nasa ani. Hmanlai thil tun laia chhawr tangkai theih tur chi tam tak an rawn hmu chhuak a, mipui inpumkhatna pawh nasa takin a la awm lehzual a ni. Heng an thil sawi ziah te hian mipui rilru a hneh a, kan lo inhmuh hniamna thin te a paih bo a, tin ram inpumkhatna a siam bawk a ni.

THE ANNALES SCHOOL OF HISTORY - V.LALCHHANCHHUAHA ROLL NO – 1201 BA 548

The Annales School is a group of historians associated with a style of historiography developed by French historian in the 20th century to stress a long-term social history. It is named after its scholarly journal Annales d’ histoire economique et sociale, which remain the main source of scholarship, along with many books and monographs. The school has been highly influential in setting the agenda for historiography in France and numerous other countries, especially regarding the use of social scientific methods by historians, emphasizing social rather than political or diplomatic themes, and for being generally hostile to the class analysis of Marxist historiography.

            The Annales was founded and edited by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre in 1929, while they were teaching at the University of Strasbourg and later in Paris. Under Fernand Braudel’s direction the Annales School promoted a new form of history, replacing the study of leaders with the lives of ordinary people and replacing examination of politics, diplomacy, and wars with inquiries into climate, demography, agriculture, commerce, technology, transportation, and communication, as well as social groups and mentalities. While aiming at a “total history”, it also yielded dazzling micro-studies of villages and regions. Its international influence on historiography has been enormous.

            Bloch and Febvre aimed to achieve a more ‘total’ and a more ‘humane’ integrated history that represents all aspects of man’s life in a society. They also advocated the use of diverse source and methodologies. Since such a wide ranging, total history is beyond the grasp of anyone individual, many were to be engaged in analyzing particular aspects of society. Therefore, the Annales School encouraged inter-disciplinary approaches in history writing. The first editorial committee of the Annales also consisted of scholars of different disciplines. Annales historiography dreamt of someday capturing ‘total history’, while will be ‘true history’.

            The Annales School systematically reached out to create an impact on other countries. Its success varied widely. The Annales approaches was especially well received in Italy and Poland. Franciszek Bujan(1875-1953) and Jan Rutkowski(1886-1949), the founders of modern economic history in Poland and of the journal Roczniki Dziejow Spolecznych i Gospodarczych(1931), were attracted to the innovations of the Annales School. In South America, the Annales approaches became popularly.

            The Annales approaches had been undergoing changes over the years as it expands its coverage on economy, society, civilizations and on the social sciences as a whole. Historians such as Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre, Fernand Braudel, Georges Duby, Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie etc., redefined the historical practice time and again by constantly innovating in themes and methods. History of economic structures, of long-term developments, of mentalities, micro-history and cultural history have all benefitted significantly from the historians of this school.

MIZO TRANSLATION

            Annales School hi historian awmkhawm French mite tihdan zulzuia kum zabi 20-na a khawthlang lam nundan zirmite’n an din ani. A hming hi zirmite chanchinbu Annales d’ hitoire economique et sociale tih atanga lak chhawn ani. He school hian French mai ni lo hmun hrang hrang a history zirdan chungchang ah hmun pawimawh tak a luah a, a bik takin historian thenkhat science thiamna hmanga thil ti thin ho, politic leh ram inrelbawldan aia pawl/huho nundan ngaipawimawh zawk,a khai khawmnaah chuan Marxist a history ziahdan pawmlo tute inzirna school kan ti thei awm e.

            Annales School dintu leh a hnu a siam that u chu Marc Bloch leh Lucien Febvre te niin a, kum 1929 a University of Strasbourg leh a hnu a Paris a an thawhlai a an din ani. Fernand Braudel a kaihhruaina hnuaiah Annales school hian thil thar tam tak a chawinung a, hotu te zirna a ti danglamin minaran ho tan an hawng a, politics lam emaw ram inrelbawldan lam thil emaw exam dan te chu a ti danglam a, indona in ram bial khat khaw awmdan a tihdanglam dan te, naupiangzat emaw thi zat emaw te, ei leh bar chungchang te, inkalpawhna te, inbiakpawhna te, bakah pawl ho leh rilru lam thlengin an thlak danglam a. An thil tum ber chu ‘total history’ kan tih, thingtlang khua te ber atanga ram puma thil thleng eng pawh a te ber atanga a lian ber thleng a kan hriat theihna tur mumal taka awm tir a rahchhuah tir hi ani. Historiography chungchanga khawvel pumpui harh tir  a tumna hi a thang chak hle ani.

            Bloc leh Febvre a thil tum chu ‘total’ leh ‘humane’ te impumkhat tir a, chu chuan mihring nun ho na society a rah tha chuah tir a, tihhlawhtlin hi ani. Chumi atan chuan ngaihdan hrang hrang leh source hrang hrang an hmang bawk a. A zau thei ang ber a total history hi kal kual tir a, mi tupawh, mimal nun piah a nghet taka lo chelh a, mi zawng zawng impumkhat tir a, society khat a inkawp tir hi total history tum anih tih hria a, pawm tir ani. Chumi avang chuan, Annales school hian history ziah dan mumal tak ziaktu ten an neih theihna tur ruahmanna fel tak a rawn zirtir nasa em em a. Hemi avang hian Annales School a Editorial Committee an neih hmasak ber ah pawh discipline thil hrang hrang a mi thiam bik te hip khawmin a tel tir phah ani.He school suangtuahna ah chuan entik ah emaw chuan ‘total history’ hi kan ngai pawimawhin kan hrethiam ang a,history diktak ziahna tur a thil pawimawh leh dik tak anih zia kan pawm hun tur hi ani.

            Annales school inenkawl dan tha tak hian khawvel ramdang ah nghawng neiin a thleng chak hle a. Hmun zau zawk ah a hlawhtling hle ani. Annales school darhna ah hian a bik takin Poland leh Italy ram te hian an lo dawngsawng tha hle a. Franciszek Bujak(1875-1953) leh Jan Rutkowski(1886-1949), Poland a moern economic history leh Roczniki Dziejow Spolecznych i Gospodarczych(1931) din tuta chu Annale school hian a hnehin a tidanglam nasa em em a. South America ah pawh he Annales School zirtirna hi a lar chak hle ani.

            Annales historiography hi kumtin kan hriat loh lain a lo inthlak ve zel a, a huamchin te tih zauh belh zelin economy te, society te, civilizations leh social sciences kan tih te hi a huam tel vek ani. Histirian thenkhat heng Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre, Fernand braudel, Georges Duby, Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, etc., te ho hian history kan practice dan hi rawn sawifiah tha in, thupui mumal tak neih a, hun mumal tak, nghet tak a neih tir an tum ani. Economic history lo in dinchhuah dan te, hmasawnnna reizawk awm theih dan tur te, rilru inbuatsaihna tha tak neih te, history te reuh te, lang tham lo leh an hnam history tih dan phung an zirtir dan te avang hian he school atang hian historian ho hian hlawkna nasa tak an nei ani.

References:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/annalesschool

www.britannica.com/Annales-school

ROMAN HISTORIOGRAPHY by LALMUANPUIA, Roll no.-545

Roman historiography is indepted to the greek who invented the form. The roman had great model to base their works upon such as Herodotus (484-425bce)and Thucydes (c.460-c.395BCE) Roman historiographical forms are defferent from the greek ones however,and voice very roman concerns.Unlike the Greeks,Roman historiography did not start out with an oral historical tradition. The roman style of history was based on the way that the Annals of the Pontifex Maximus , or the Annals Maximi, were recorded. The annals maximi include a wide array of information,including religious documents, and various disasters throughout the history. Also part of the Annals maximi are the White Tablets, or the Tabulae Albatae, which consist of information on the origin of republic. The Romans were more political than the Greeks and their genius was more adapted to history than to philosophy. Yet, Roman historiography owed its origin to Greek influence.

1)      Cato (234-149 BC): The Origines of Cato the Elder or Cato the Censor revolutionized Roman historiography.The work, written in seven books and carried down to the last year of the author’s life(149BC),is lost for the most part. J.W. Thompson write that judging from what has come down to us.The origins must have been one of the most interesting histories ever written, a work whose lost is a literary calamity.

2)      Livy(59 BC-AD 17}: With Octavism victory at Accitism in 31 BC the temple of Jantis was closed. Virgil began the composition of the Arand in 29 BC and in the same year , Titus Livy began to write his History of Rome.

3)      Tacitus(c.AD 55-120): Cornetious Tacitus,the greatest name in the Roman historiography was born about AD 55 and died about AD 120.An aristocrats by birth,character and education ,he was trained in Ocatory and destine for the law-particular which powerfully influence the character  of his work and method of exposition.He was a man of affairs who arrived the Roman government in various capacities. 

4)      Graco-Roman historian after  after Tacitus: After Tacitus ,there  was a marked  decline in Greek and Roman historiography first typified by Succonius. Appian (c.AD 116-170), a contemporary of  Plutarch and a Greek  native of Alexandria,write  the voluminous Roman history in twenty books, concerning the history of the Roman republic and the Europe down to its times.

                                   The most well known originator of Roman historiography was Quintius Fabius , also known as “Father of historiography”. Before the Second Punic war, there was no historiography in Rome,but after it,it was needed to commemorate this important occation. Q. Fabius  Pictor took up the task and wrote the history of rome in Greek, not Latin. This choice of writing in Greek arose from the need to address the Greek and counter another author,Timacus,who aalso wrote the history of Rome until the Second Punic war.Timacus wrote with a negative view of Rome. Therefore, in defence of Roman state, Q. Fabius Pictor wrote in greek, using Olympiad dating and a Hellenistic style.Q.Fabius Pictor’s style of writing defending the Roman state and its action, and using propaganda heavily, eventually becoming a defining characteristic of Roman historiography.The historiography we most readily identified with the Romans, coming from a sources such as Ceaser,Sallust, Livy, Tacitus and other authors owes much to its early roots and Greek forms, the Roman form include various attitude and concern that were considered strictly Roman.As the recording of Roman history began to evolve and take shape many characteristic came to define what we know today Roman historiography. Most notably the strong  defence of and allegiance to the roman state and its wide variety of moral ideals, the factional nature of some histories, the splitting of historiographies in to two distinct categories , the Annals and the Monograph, and the rewriting of history to suit the author’s need.

MIZO

Roman historiography hian Greek tihdan phung an la dauh a. Roman hian thil entawn tlak tak tak an ti chhuak a,chungte chu Herodotus(C.484-425 BCE) leh Thucydides. Roman historiography hi Greek nen cuan tlem in a in ang lo dauh a,GREEK ang lo takin Roman chuan tawngka a thu in hlanchhawn hi an ching ve vak lo ani.Roman history ziah dan hi Annals maximi ah a in nghat nasa hle ani. Annals maximi ah cuan information in sota rem te,sakhaw lehkha pawimawh te,puithiam thihna te, chhiatna rapthlak history a chhuang tlak te, bakah WHITE TABLETS te a huam ani.

1)Cato(234-149 BC):Cato the elder emaw cato the censor hian nasa takin Roman historiograpky hi ati danglam ani.He lehkhabu hi bu 7 lai zih ani a,mahse aziak tu aboral hnu hian abu thenkhat cu tih bo ani. HE lehkhabu hi historian tan cuan hlawkna nasa tak ani. A bo then hi chan na nasa tak ani.

2:LIVY(59BC-AD17): Octavious  31BC a actism a hnehna achan khan jaintis temple te cu khar vek ania. Virgil chuan Arand remkhawm hna 29BC atangin athawk a, hemi  kum vek hian Titus Livy chuan Rome history a ziak tran ani.

3)Tacitus(C.AD 55-120):Cornitius Tacitus, Roman historiography a mi ropui ber hi AD55 vel ah apiang a,AD120 vel khan athi leh ani. Chhungkaw lian taka lo sei lian in zirna lam ah poh asang a, ahna thawh te leh athil tihna ah poh mi rilru hnehthy tak ani a. Roman sawrkar ah pawh nihna arawn nei ve ani.

4:Gracco- Roman historian after tacitus: Appian(C.AD116-170),A contemporary of Plutarch leh Greek native of Alexandria te hian Roman history hi lehkhabu 20 vel lai an ziak a, hengah hian Roman Republic chanchin leh Empire te lo tluk chhiat dan te an tar lang ani.

Roman historiography ziak tu bull eh hmu chhuak tu ang hial a an ngaih chu Quintus Fabius Pictor hi ani a, FOUNDER  OF  HISTORIOGRAPHY ti ahriat lar ani bawk. Second Punic War ham kha cuan rome ah hian historiography hi a awm lo tih theih ani a, mahse ahnu kha chuan loh theih loh in neih alo ngai ve ta ani. Hemi hnu hian Fabius Pictor cuan Rome history cu LATIN ni loin Greek in aziak tran ta ani, indo lai a an history ziah hian nasa takin author dang te ati phur ani, Rome history ziak tu dang pakhat Timaus hi chuan Second Punic War hnu atang chauh in aziak vet tran a, ani hi chuan Rome that Lohna lampang hlir hi aziak dauh ani. Fabius Pictor hian Rome hum nan Greek in a ziak a, Olympiad dating leh Hellenistic style te ahmang ani. Fabius Pictus history ziah dan hian roman state leh actions tea hum ani.

Main Ideologist of Imperialist-Colonialist in Historiography Submitted by :Monica Lalmuanpuii Roll no 565

Main Ideologist of Imperialist-Colonialist in      Historiography

Colonial Historiography

Colonial Historiography the first task is to remove a possible source of confusion. The term ‘colonial historiography’ applies to (a) the histories of the countries colonised during their period of colonial rule, and (b) to the ideas and approaches commonly associated with historians who were or are characterised by a colonialist ideology. In British India the term was used in the first sense and only since independence the second meaning of the term has come into prominence. Many of the front rank historians were British colonial officials, and the term colonial history, when it was used at all, was meant to refer to the subject  rather than to the ideology embedded in that history.

India was depicted as a stagnant society, backward civilization and as culturally inferior while Britain was praised as a dynamic country possessing superior civilization and advanced in science and technology. British historical writings as uniformly colonial, since different approaches and interpretative frameworks developed within the colonial school in course of the 19th and early 20^th centuries. However there were certain characteristics common to most of the works :

(i)                 An 'Orientalist' representation of India was common, promoting the idea of the superiority of modern Western civilization; this is a theme recently brought into prominence by Edward Said and others, but the Indian nationalist intelligentsias had identified and criticised this trend in British writings from James Mill onwards.

(ii)               The idea that India had no unity until the British unified the country was commonly given prominence in historical narratives; along with this thesis there was a representation of the eighteenth century India as a 'dark century' full of chaos and barbarity until the British came to the rescue

(iii)             Many late nineteenth century British historians adopted Social Darwinist notions about India; this implied that if history is a struggle between various peoples and could be ipso facto legitimately considered to be superior and as the fittest to rule,

(iv)             India was, in the opinion of many British observers, a stagnant society, arrested at a stage of development; it followed that British rule would show the path of progress to a higher level hence the idea that India needed Pax Britannica

(v)               The mystification of  heroic empire builders and 'Rulers of India' in historical narratives was a part of the rhetoric of imperialism as Eric Stokes has remarked, in British writings on India the focus was on the British protagonists and the entire country and its people were just a shadowy background  

(vi)             Colonial historiography displayed initially a critical stance towards the Indian nationalist movement since it was perceived as a threat to the good work done by the British in India; at a later stage when the movement intensified the attitude became more complex, since some historians showed plain hostility while others were more sophisticated in their denigration of Indian nationalism.

In general, while some of these characteristics and paradigms are commonly to be found in the colonial historians' discourse, it will be unjust to ignore the fact that in course of the first half of the twentieth century historiography out-grew them or, at least, presented more sophisticated versions of them. In essence colonial historiography was part of an ideological effort to appropriate history as a means of establishing cultural hegemony and legitimizing British rule over India.

The term 'colonial historiography' has been used in two senses. One relates to the history of the colonial countries, while the other refers to the works which were influenced by colonial ideology of domination. The histories of India written by James Mill, Mountstuart  Elphinstone, Vincent Smith and many others are pertinent examples of this trend. They established the colonial school of historiography which denigrated the subject people while praising the imperial country.

References:

               MHI-03 Historiography

               IGNOU

Colonial Historiography in a tum hmasak ber chu an thil chawhpawlh hrang hrang tihkiam a ni. Colonial History in a kawh chu  (a) Colonial rule hunlai a ram hrang hrang lo colonised te (b)Historian ho kal dan chu colonialist ngaihdan emaw zirtir dan emaw tanga lo chhuak ani. British India hunah chuan hemi thu hi chikhat in an hmang a, independence zawh hnuah an pakhat zawk chu an hmang lawr chho tan ta ani. Front rank historians kan tih tam zawk chu British colonial officials kan tih ho hi an ni. Tichuan colonial history kan tihin a kawh tak chu subject leh ideology hi ani.

Colonial History tih hi chi hnih in hman a ni a. A pakhat zawk chu Colonial ramte hmanlai chanchin zirna lam a ni a, a dang leh ah cuan midangte hna cu colonial ideology in a influence ani. Heng atana entirna tha tak te chu James Mill te, Mounstuart  Elphinestone te, Vincent Smith leh midang tam tak te in a an ziah ‘The History of India’ kha a ni. Heng mi ho te hian Colonial School of Historiography kan tih te kha an rawn din ani.

India ram hi ram hmasawn lo, hnam finglo leh hnamze hnuaihnung tia sawi thin a ni a, Britain erawh chu ram chak tak, hnam fing leh chungcuang nihna chelhtu leh science leh technology ah pawh changkang  tak tia fak thin an ni ve thung a. British thil hlui zir a ziak mi te chuan 19^thleh 20^th century hma lamah colonial school hmangin approaches chi hrang hrang leh frameworks an lo siam chhuak a. Chung an hnathawh thenkhat te cu:

 1)Khawchhak lam changkanna leh ngaihhlutna dan chawisanna hi thil zir mi te atang pawn a hluar hle a, hei hi tih dan phung thil lar tak Edward Said leh midang ten a an rawn ken luh a ni a, mahse Indian Nationalist mi thiamten James Mill ziak atang tawh khan an sawisel a ni.

2)Ngaihdan pakhatah chuan British in India pumkhata a siam hma chuan India ramaah inpumkhatna a awm lova, he ngaihdan hmang hian kum zabi sawmpariat ah India chu ‘dark century’ buaina tak leh hnam mawl tak  British in a chhanchhuah hma chuan an ni tih ani.

3) Nineteenth century hnu lam daihah chuan British historian chuan Social Darwinist in India ngaihdan a la a, hemi in a ken ber  chu  history ah khan mipui in inlungrual lohna a awm chuan dan an pek sa chu a tha ber leh dan a tan a tlak ber ngaih tur a ni.

4)British observer ngaihdan ah chuan India chu ram hmasawn lo tak a ni a. British khuahkhirhna hnauiah India a awm chuan hmasawnna a hmu a nga, cuvang chuanin India chuan in Pax Britannica a mamawh ani.

5)Hmanlai chanchin lo sawi thin tute in a Lalram ropui tak tak lo din tute chu Eric Stokes a sawi danin lalber  thuneihna vang pakhat a ni a, British ziak mi in India a sawi dan chuan a tum ber  chu British chawisan a India ram leh a mi chengte chu thim a dah ani.

6)Colonial Historiography hian Indian Nationalist movement ah hian hnathawh pawimawh tak mai a nei a, chu chu British in India a thil tha tam tak a tih thuanawp a, a hnuah chuan he movement hi a lo zual sauh a, a chhan chu historians thenkhat ten Indian nationalism an tih hmingchhiat em em laiin a thenin an ti ngam lang lemlo ani.

  Heng thi thenkhat  paradigms te hi colonial historians  ten an sawi ho na a kan hmuh tlangpuii te hi kum zabi sawnhnih leh chanve hma lama historiography khaina hliahkhuh vek a. A awmze ril zawkah chuan historiography chu British in a India chaldelh tak a awh bet  theihna tura tana hmanrua a hman ani.

Colonial History tih hi chi hnih in hman a ni a. A pakhat zawk chu Colonial ramte hmanlai chanchin zirna lam a ni a, a dang leh ah cuan midangte hna cu colonial ideology in a influence ani. Heng atana entirna tha tak te chu James Mill te, Mounstuart  Elphinestone te, Vincent Smith leh midang tam tak te in a an ziah ‘The History of India’ kha a ni. Heng mi ho te hian Colonial School of Historiography kan tih te kha an rawn din ani.

GREEK HISTORICAL WRITING Submitted byPC ROSANGZUALA HISTORY 6th Sem. Roll No. 547

            History a thil thleng tawh ah chuan Greek hnam tawng lo irhchhuahna, hmanlai Mycenian ho hunlai atang tawh , kum sangbi sawm pathumna BCE hunlai atang tawh ani a. Greek ho chuan an Pathian tih lawmna leh tih lungawi nana ziah te hmuh an awm a mahse mi tam tak, mipui thenkhat erawh chuan Greek ho in ziah chhuah tanna chu an hman chhin dan leh an hun bi te atanga ngaihtuah ani a. Greeks ho chuan thawnthu tam tak khawvel kalphung awm dan an ziak a, emaw Greece ho in anih dan tur.

                        Hnah leh lung hmang a ker ten thil an ziak thin a, a ziahna tur atan hnah ah hman ani a. Hmanlai Greeks ho chuan thil hlui an chhinchhiah a, tichuan Greece tawnga ziah ani. An tawng dan kalhmang tehi hmanlai Phoenicians ho in kum 700 BC ami tawh an lak chhawn ani.

                        Thucyain (460 BC – 455 BC) mi ropui tak history lama mi hming chher em em tu chuan Peloponnesian indopui atanga Athenian  soldier ho chanchin tamtak a ziak a.

                        Herodutus of Halicaman (pian kum 484 BC) chu history a pa pui ber ti a kauh ani a. A chhan pawh Persian indopui leh Athens a indopui leh Sparta chanchin ho kha a ziak ani. Lydian Kingdom (Western Turkey) ho tlakchhiatna tepawh a ziak tel bawk ani.

                        Hmanlai thil ziah ho an hmuhchhuah ho te lo thliar thla tai la.

Linear B:-

                   Myanacean civilization (Kum 1200 BCE bawr vel) an tlakchhiat hnu chuan, thil ziah chhinchhiah te chu Greece atangin an thamral ta vek a. Kum sangbi kuana leh riatna huna thil ziah ho chu Phoenian syllabary script ho chu an hmang tana, thil hlui zawng zawng ziah chhuahna he thil hi hmuhchhuah ani a,kum zabi pariatna atang tawh atang khan.

Classical Period :-

                   Classical emaw Hellenic hunlai ah chuan, Athens, Attics leh lonic te chu an hmuhchhuah ani a.

The Hellenistic Koine :-

                   ‘Hellenistic Greek’ leh ‘Koine Greek’ tawng te hi he hunlai hian an hman nasat ber ani a. Kristian ho pawh chuan ‘Biblical Greek’ tih leh ‘New Testament Greek’ te an zir ber ani a.

                        Alexander the Great (336 – 323 BCE) a hnuah chuan Greek tawng dan kal phung chu thlak ani a. Alexander-a chuan Attic – Ionic tawng chu a chhawm nung zel a,Near East thleng he tawng hi an chhawm phei a, he tawngkam leh puitling hi sawrkar leh sumdawngna ah te an hmang nasa a, tawng dang nen an in pawlh nuai nachungin greek tawng chu tawng hnuhnung zawk a hman ani a, mi nawlpuiin an hmang a, Hellenistic Koine emaw tawng nawlpui an hmang a, an sawi zui bawk a. He tawngkam hi Attic – Lonic synthesis nena in thlunzawm nan an hmang ta ani.

                        Hellenistic Koine chuan thil in thlak thleng tam tak a awm a, an ziah dan leh tawng dan tepawh a dang nuai a, heng tawng hi tunlai tawng nen an thlunzawm ta ani. He thil thlak thleng hi Alexander hun atang tawh kum 300 BC – 300 CE atangin an thlakthleng tawh ani. Histories of Polybius, Discoveries of Epictetus, leh Christian New Testament te hi Koine tawng tan thil tangkai tak an ni.

Atticism :-

                   Hellenistic hun atang tawh in Koine hi mi tam takin an hel in an duhlo em em a. Atticism hum rawn irhchhuahna ani a, hetiang tawng tehi kum sangbi thar ah hlangkai ni in thil tangkai tak an ni ani.

Hallenic, Hellenistic, Byzantine :-

                        Heng tawng a ziah pathumte hi Greek tawng thil thleng te an ni a. Hallenic, Hellenistic, Byzantine.

                        ‘Hallenic’ hi ‘Clssical Greek’ tia sawi ve tho ani. Homer te, leh Greek Philosopher,  socreates, plato leh Aristotle te ho hunlai a ziah an ni.

                        ‘Hellenistic’ chu Alexander huna Greek language vawrh chhuah an ni a, Mediteranean sea leh hmun dangah kum 300 BC hun tih vela hman an ni a, he hun hi Christian ho lo chhuah hma thleng a lo awm te an ni a, tichuan kum zabi thumna ah CE ah khan a zo leh a.

                        ‘Byzantine’ chu Byzantian (a hnu ah constantinople) chu hnam leh kohran leh ramchhung in relbawlna tana thil pawimawh tak an ni a, Roman Empire hun vel ami ani.

                       

                  

                                                                                                            

                                    

CHINESE HISTORIOGRAPHY byLalduhsaki Roll No :- 556, VI Sem. History

Chinese historiography refers to the study of methods and assumptions made in studying Chinese History. From the earliest times, the Chinese have shown a marked inclination to Historical writing. The nature of Historical works also represent wide ranging interests. Many works have been written by the Chinese on different aspects of Government machinery, monasteries etc.

     The first systematic Chinese historical text, the 'Records of the Grand Historian' was written by Sima Qian and his father. The book covers the period from the time of the Yellow Emperor untill the author's own life. Due to his highly praised and highly copied work, Sima Qian is often regarded as the father of Chinese Historiography. The Shitong was the first Chinese work about historiography. It was compiled by Liu Zhiji between 708 and 710 CE. The book describes the general pattern of the official dynastic histories with regard to the structure, method, arrangement, sequence, caption and commentary back to the Warring Stage era.

      The Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government was a pioneering reference work in Chineae historiography. Emperor Yingzong ordered Sima Guang and other scholars to begin compiling this universal history of China in 1065, and they presented it to his successor Shenzong in 1084. It contains 294 volumes and about 3 million characters.

          K.S. Latourette in his book, "The Chinese, their history and culture" compares the Chinese with the Hindus and says 'In a mark contrast with the peoples of India the Chinese have been historical minded'.

           Li-chi, The Book of Rites : In this book, the historians' views of the past are expressed in the most exalted terms. It contains many essays. This work was compiled during the Han dynasty (202 B.C- 220 A.D). The ideal of a social order wherein people lived in 'Grand Unity' is described in many lucid passages.

           Ssu-ma-Chien : In the reign of Wu-ti, Ssu-ma-Chien the greatest among the Chinese historians wrote his great history called the 'Shih-Chi' which means 'historical records'. The Shih-Chi covers the history of China from the beginning of Ssu-ma-Chien's own day. It includes not only significant political events but gives the biographies of important persons; chronological tables of battles, economic data, calendar etc.

           The Tso-Chuan : It is another kind of history. It is in the form of a chronicle and events are listed year by year. The most reputed among such chronicle was the "Tyu-Chih-tung-chien" by Ssu-ma-Kuang (1019- 1086). This work illustrates the historical minededness of the Sung dynasty in a remarkable way. It covered the period from the 5th century B.C. to the close of the five dynasties.

Tung-Chien-Chishipenna : Yuan-Chu prepared a history called 'Tung-Chien-Chishipenna' which means 'root causes and effects of affairs recorded in the universal mirror'. There are many special histories on different aspects af Chinese life. The Chinese have produced a large volume of local histories and gazetteers. They are very descriptive in nature. China has a large volume of inscriptions. These have been compiled and studied.

        The modern historical tradition of China is influenced by communist ideology. Economic analysis, conditions of the peasants, toilers and workers, the living conditions of the masses, have all been assiduously unearthed under the new inspiration. In this way the Chinese have done a wonderful thing in the study of historiography.

Chinese Historiography in Mizo

Chinese Historiography awmzia chu ngaihruatna leh kalphung awmze neia Chinese history zirna a ni. Hun hmasa lamah chuan, Chinese ho chuan historical writing sukthek zawngte an pholang a. Historical works kalphung chuan mite hnenah nasa takin tuina a pe a. Work tamtak ziaktu, Chinese ho chuan sawrkar hnathawh dan kalphung leh puithiam ho khawsak dan leh kaldan an tarlang bawk.

     Chinese history awmze nei taka ziahna hmasa ber chu 'Records of the Grand historian' tih Sima Qian leh a pa ziah a ni. He lehkhabu hian a huam chin chu Yellow Emperor hunlai ațanga Qian leh a pa damchhung hun thleng a huam. He an hnathawk țha tak avang hian Chinese history ziahnaa an puipa berah an ngai hial a ni.

      'Comprehensive mirror to aid in Goveenment' tih lehkhabu hi Chinese history hrang hrang ziahnaa sulsutu ber a ni. Emperor Yingzong chuan Sima Guang hnenah leh mithiam dangte hnenah chuan China history pumpui chanchin lawrkhawm turin kum 1065 khan a ngen a, Yingzong thlaktu Shenzong hnenah chuan an thu lak khawmte chu kum 1084 khan an hlan a. He an lehkha ziahah hian Volume 294 leh Maktaduai 3 thawnthu kawh bik nei a awm a ni.

      K.S.Latourette lehkhabu ziah 'Chinese leh a history leh a Culture' tih bu ah chuan Chinese leh Hindu a khaikhin a India mite ang bawkin Chinese ho chuan thil hlui ngaihsakna an nei nasa ve hle a ni.

      Li-Chi, Book of Rites : He lehkhabu ah hian historian ten thil kaltawh an ngaihdan an ziahna a ni deuh bera. He lehkhabu ah hian essay a tam hle a, heng thuziak te hi Han dynasty (202 B.C- 220 A.D) hunlaia lawrkhawm an ni. Heng hunlaia mite hi an khawtlang nunah inpumkhatna țhatak an neihzia he thuziak hian a tarlang chiang hle.

     Ssu-ma-Chien : Wu-ti lal lai khan Ssu-ma-Chien, chinese historian ropui tak chuan 'Shih Chi' tiah a ziak a, a awmzia chu thil hlui vawnțhat a ni. 'Shih Chi' lehkhabu hian Ssu-ma-Chien hunlai a huam. Politics lam thil chauh nilovin mi pawimawhte chanchin te, indona chi hrang hrang kum indawta dah te, ram dinhmun leh calendar chanchin te pawh a tel a ni.

     Tso-Chuan : He lehkhabu ah hian hun lokal zela thil lo thleng chhinchhiahna te leh hunbikte, a kum te tea chhinchhiahna a awm a. A langsar ber chu 'Tyu-chih-tung-chien', Ssu-ma-kuang (1019- 1086) ziah a ni. He thuziak hian Chinese history a hmasawnna, Chou ațanga Sung hun țantirh thleng a huam.

     Tung-chien-chishi-penna : Yuan-chu chuan history bu 'Tung-chien-chishi-penna' a siam a. Hemi awmzia chu thil bulțanna leh khawvel a nghawng dan sawina a ni.

     Chinese te hian ramchanchin chuanna bu leh ram mipuite chanchin an ziak nasa hle a, a chipchiar hle a ni. China mipui hian thuziak (inscription) tamtak an nei.

      Tunlai huna Chinese nunphung chu mipui rorelna (Communist) in a chiah hneh tawh a, ram ei leh bar te, loneitute dinhmun te, hna hahthlak thawk mite, mipuite khawsak dan phung chu phurna thar nen hailan a ni ta zel a. Hemi kawngah hian Chinese ho hian history ziahna kawngah hna ropui tak an thawk mek zel a ni.

Reference :-

Ø  Jayapalan.N "Historiographg" . Atlantic publishers and distributors, New Delhi, 2013.

Ø  Bentley Michael "Companion to Historiography". Routledge publishers.

Cultural Relativism, Archives, Possibility of Objectivity

Cultural Relativism

Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture. Since different cultures perceive the world differently, the descriptions of a different society or of the past, which belongs to a different culture, cannot be objective. These descriptions are culturally determined. Thus a solar eclipse may be described variously by people belonging to different societies. Similarly, the death of a king may be attributed to evil spirits, illness or conspiracy by his enemies. Therefore, the history written by the historian is shaped by the concepts and beliefs of his / her own culture.

What is Archives?

The word originally developed from the Greek  (arkheion), which refers to the home or dwelling of the Archon, in which important official state documents were filed and interpreted under the authority of the Archon. An archive is an accumulation of historical records, or the physical place they are located. In general, archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation on grounds of their enduring cultural, historical, or evidentiary value. Archival records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books or magazines for which many identical copies exist.

Possibility of Objectivity

The fact that total objectivity is not possible does not mean that no objectivity is possible, that any quest for objectivity is useless. Even though it may not be possible to tell the whole truth of the past does not mean that even partial truth cannot be reclaimed. As Noel Carroll, one of the critics of the relativist position, has pointed out :

‘In one sense, historical narratives are inventions, viz., in the sense that they are made by historians; but it is not clear that it follows from this that they are made-up (and are, therefore, fictional).’

He further emphasises this point by stating that :

‘… narratives are a form of representation, and, in that sense, they are invented, but that does not preclude their capacity to provide accurate information. Narratives can provide accurate knowledge about the past in terms of the kinds of features they track, namely, the ingredients of courses of events, which include : background conditions, causes and effects, as well as social context, the logic of situations, practical deliberations, and ensuing actions.’

Primary Sources and Secondary Sources

A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event.  A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them.