RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY

            Raja Ram Mohan Roy, popularly known as  ‘the father of modern India’, was born in 1774 at Radhanagar ,Bengal .He belonged to an orthodox Brahmin ,but rich Zamindar family. He mastered in Persian, Arabic and Muslim law at Patna, and Sanskrit and Hindu Shastra and Benaras. In 1797, he joined the Wood Forde and laid under Digby. He learned English, Greek, Latin and Hebrew ( the original language of Bible) and studied Bible and other works of Christian theologians. He learned Tantricism from Hariharananda Thirthaswamy at Rangpur (N.Bengal) and also learned Jain and Bhuddist philosophies. He got the title of Raja from Raja II, the Mughal king, who sent him to England in 1830. Raja Ram died at Bristol (near London) in 1833.

            The eighteenth and early nineteenth century India was facing many problems. The colonial historians projected it as the ‘dark era’ of Indian society. It cannot be denied that there were many social vices and injustices in India- practices of Sati, female infanticide, polygamy (kulinism in Bengal), problems of window, child marriage, dominance of priest, costly and meaningless rituals and superstitious beliefs were common in most part of India. To start a crusade against the prevalent religious and social vices and injustices, Raja Ram Mohan Roy used four methods.

1.      Establishment of religious associations.

2.      Publication of books and newspapers.

3.      Holding discussion and debates, and

4.      Setting up educational institutions.

Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin(A gift to monotheist)was his first book(1803)the influence of Islam and the influence of Matazilah’s philosophy on him could be clearly seen. He was also impressed by the philosophy of legendary Persian poets Jalal-ud-din Rumi (1207-73).

From Islam, he took the concept of monotheism, opposition to idolatry, principle of social equality, theory of the relation between God and his attributes, manners, and ways of living.

He read Bible in Hebrew as he read Quran in Arabic . He admired Jesus Christ and his teachings , especially his ethical code which is reflected in his book –‘ The Percept of Jesus’ (English).He tried to highlight the similarities among different religions. He also tried to move the misconception of the Christian missionaries about Hinduism.

Though, he gave due importance to holy text of all religion i.e., Rigveda, Upanishads, Bible and Quran, but he gave more importance to reason. Any idea or beliefs which were not based on reason and rationality, he had no hesitation in rejecting it. It was his firm confidence in the utility of ‘reason’ which forced him to oppose polytheism, idolatry, practise of Sati and other evils of Hindu society. He applied the same yardstick for Islam and Christianity. He accepted many ideas and philosophies of Islam and infact, was greatly influenced by it ,but rejected the Islamic concept of ‘blest’ and ‘cursed’. Similarly, he rejected the ideas of ‘Trinity’ and ‘Miracles’, the fundamental principles of Christianity.

The Atmya Sabha (1814) was set up at Calcutta by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and friends, mostly middle class liberals and social aristocrats. Though, Raja Ram tried to balance the two extremes – the radicals and the conservatives – ye his idea of monotheism, his close association with Muslims, his admiration of Islam, Christianity and the western liberal thought shocked the Hindu society in general and Brahmins in particular. The attendance, therefore, dwindled and after 1819 it ceased to meet.

The God or Brahma, according to him, is the supreme immortal soul from whom all human souls originated and will rejoin after the death. To worship Brahma only, he founded the Brahmo Sabha on August 20, 1828 and renamed it Brahmo Samaj in 1829.

He believed in the unification of divergent groups of Indian society in order to bring about national consciousness in India. He initiated public agitation on political questions like the need for reforms in the British administration, trade and economic policies etc. He also pioneered Indian journalism in order to educate the public on current issues and to present public opinion before the government.

He led a life-long crusade against the practice of Sati and finally in 1829 he succeeded in persuading Lord William Bentinck to abolish it. He championed women’s rights, like right of inheritance and property, and attacked polygamy and the degraded state of widows. He fought for the introduction of modern education through the medium of English. He made Bengali the vehicle of intellectual intercourse n Bengal.

Why was the revolt of 1857 called the first war independent? Vanrampari Roll No 132

 Revolt of 1857 was the culmination of the people  mistrust of the British and of their discontent and dissatisfaction hardship and the suffering caused under the oppressed British rule. The immediate cause for the revolt was the sepoys who were forced to used the new rifles that they had to use were to be bitten open. The Muslim and the Hindu sepoys  were angry because the new cartridges had pig  fat which the Muslim believe pigs are unclean and the Hindu believed the cartridges has cow fat. The rebellion broke out when a British soldier arrested Mongal Pandey and other  Indian soldiers and hanged  Mongal Pandey which was through to be treachery.

The reason why the revolt of 1857 is called the War of Independence due to the following:

1.      The Indian chiefs who took part in the revolt proclaimed  their loyalty to the Mughal king, who was considered as the symbol of political  and national unity of the country.

2.      The entire Bengal army rose to revolt. Although many of the rulers of the princely  states remained loyal to the British, their soldiers revolted or remained on the brink  of the revolt.

3.      The common people in several areas rose up in arms, often fighting with ones, spears and arrow. The peasants, the artisans, shopkeeper, labourer provided strength to the freedom movement.

4.      The commoners at various places who did not actively participate in the revolt, showed great  sympathy  for the rebels. They rejoiced at the victory of the of the rebels . They even  boycotted those sepoys who remained loyal to the British.

5.      There was remarkable Hindu Muslim unity to face the Britishers during the struggle. They were well respected at all levels of leadership.

6.      This revolt would not have spread so swifly had there been no popular support behind it.

7.      May 31 1857 was fined as the day for the revolt throughout the country.

8.      The revolt spread quickly in Oudh, central India. Many small chiefs also revolted with the support of the people who disliked the British rule.

9.      It was the result of the widespread public reaction against the British rule as secret emblems in the form of ‘chapattis’ and ‘red lotuses’.

                           No doubt, the sepoys were the backbone of the revolt and they bore the burst of the struggle to break the chains that imprisoned India. They became its shield and spear. Besides, the sepoys, million of Indian took part in the revolt. The rapidity with which the struggle for freedom spread shows that in several areas, it enjoyed mass support. At some places, the Williams were more active and aggressive than even the sepoys. They started boycotting British community. This revolt bring the Hindu-Muslim unity the rebels leader were fighting for the restoration of their last privileges . The mutiny became a revolt and assumed a political character when the mutineers of Meerut placed themselves under the king of Delhi and a section of the landed aristocracy and civil population declared in his favour. A fight for a rebel ended as a war of independence for there is not the slightest doubt that the rebels wanted to get rid of the alien government and restore the old order of the king of Delhi was the rightful  representative.

Revolt of 1857 hi Indian mipuite British awpna hnuai a helna an lantir nasa ber ani a, Indian ho chuan Britisher  ho hian tawrhn, hlimlohna leh natna chiah an thlen tih an hriat avang in British awpna hnuai a ta zalenna an sual ani. He revolt chhuahna chhan ber ni a hriat chu English ho chuan an silai siamthar chu kah dawn ah hmui a hawng tur in an siam a, chu tih lain british ho chuan an silai siam thar ah chuan vawk sa leh bawng sa thau an telh ni a rinna Indian mipui ten an nei a, sipai tam tak Hindu Muslim te chuan an rinna zahloh sak na ah an ngai nghet hmiah a, a chhan pawh vawksa chu Muslim tan chuan ei thiang lo leh bawlhhlawh ani a, chutiang zel in bawngsa pawh Hindu tan  chuan tenawm leh thiang lo ani. He indona chhuah tan tak hun chu Britisher ho in Mungal Pandey leh Indian sipai tam tak an man Mangal Pandey-a chuan chu phatsan tu a puh in an khaihlum hial a ni.

             Reason for war of independence.

1.      Indian chiefs he indona tel ve pawh in Mughal rorel na hnuai a an rinawm zia an puangzar a, hei hian ram leh hnam inpumkhat na a ti lang chiang hle a ni.

2.      Bengal sipai pawh he revolt ah hian an harhchhuak a, he tih lai hian lalram tam tak chu British awpna hnuai ah kun in hel duhlo mahse, an sipai te chu he indona ah hian nasa takin hma an la a, an lal te pawh an phatsan hial a ni.

3.      Mipui tamtak hmun hrang hrang ami pawh in an theih tawk in hma an la ve a, a thil neih an gang indona ah an telh ve a, lonei tute ,ziak mi te leh dawrkaite pawh in nasa takin an pui bawk ani.

4.      Mipui nawlpui he indona a tel ve chiah lo te pawh in nasa tak in fuihna leh thawh ho na tha an lantir a, chu tih rual in sipai British hnuai a rinawm a la awm te pawh boycott an ni.

5.      He indona ah hian Hindu Muslim thawh hona a lang chiang hle a, inlung rual takin he revolt hi an bei tlang a ni.

6.      He in beihna hi he tiang khawp achak hian mipui puihna tel lo chuan a kal thei lo hrim hrim a ni.

7.      May 31 1857 chu ram pumah indo ni a puan a ni.

8.      Oudh, Rohilkhand,Doab leh Bundelkhand ah chuan he indona hi a nasa hle , ram hruaitute pawh in mipui puihna zarah helna British lakah an kal pui ve zel a ni.

Indian sipai chu he indo na a sulsutu ber an ni a, Indian mi jail tang tam tak an chhan chhuak a, hmun pawimawh ber luah tir an ni, heng bakah hian mipui tam tak pawh in he revolt hi an dodal bawk a, zalenna an duh thu chu tlangau pui zel in, puihna tam tak an dawng zel bawk ani. Hruaitu te chuan an dinhmun hlauh ta tan an bei bawk a, he revolt a lang chiang ber chu Indian ho chuan Britisher awp na atang a chhuah a, an mahni hnam hruai thin tu hnen ah ngei thuneihna leh thil tih theihna let leh tur in an duh ani.

Reference :

1.      Modern  Indian History – J.C.Aggarwal

TRACE THE COURSE OF BRITISH WARS WITH MYSORE Zothansangi Rollno; 137

FIRST  WAR [1766-1769] =   HYDER ALI strengthened his army by including the French soldier into his service. He extended his territories by conquering many areas in South India.The rapid rise of Hyder Ali naturally excited the jealousy of the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad and the English. They joined together and formed a triple alliance and declared a war on Hyder Ali.But under the leadership of the English General Smith,Hyder Ali was defeated at Changam and Thurivannamalai in 1767.Tipu Sultan son of Hyderli advances towards Chennai. So the English were forced to enter into the Treaty of Madras in 1769,the provision of which were;1] Territories conquered during the war were restored toeach other.2]  The English agreed to help Hyder Ali in case of attack by his enemies,the Nizam and the Marathas..  

                                           

SECOND WAR [1780-1784]  =    Mysore was attacked by the Marathas in 1771.As the per treaty of Madras, the English did not help Hyder Ali.So Hyder Ali got angry. Mahe,a French possession in the dominion of Hyder Ali was attacked by the Enlish,Hyder Ali declared war on the English in 1780.He defeated the English force in the Carnatic.However,under Sir Eyre Coote,defeated Hyder Ali at Porto Nova in 1781.Hyder Ali died of cancer in 1782.But his son Tipu Sultan continued the war with the English for 2 more years. The war came to an end with an agreement signed in 1784,called the Treaty of Mangalore..

THIRD WAR[1790-1792]  =   The English started improving their relationship with the Nizam and Marathas.Tipu,on the other hand,improved his resources.He got the French help. Heattacked Travancore in 1789 which was a friendly state of the English.So,Cornwallis declared a war on Tipu in 1790.Both the troops and had victories and defeats alternately.The war came to an end in 1792.Tipu signed the Treaty of Srirangapatnam with the English

FOUR WAR[1799]  =   The Treaty of Srirangapatnam failed to bring peace between Tipu and the English.Tipu refused to accept the subsidiary alliance of Lord Wellesley.Lord Wellesley is the Governor General of Bengal who succeeded Cornwallis was determine to extend the influence of the company of India.Wellesley came to know all about Tipu activities,he declared war at once against hin in 1799.Tipu fought bravely but died in the battle.Wellesley himself besieged Srirangapatnam..

                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                        

   

                             

                                       INDOPUI  1[1766-1769]

Hyder Ali chuan a sipai te leh French sipai te chu  ti chakin a thuam tha a.A ram awp chhung chu South India thlegin a zauh a ni.Hyder Ali chuan Nizan of Hyderabad leh English ho aia dinhmun sanga awm a duh avangin he ram pahnihte hi a itsikin a ngaimawh em em a.Chuvang chuan a sipaite cu alet thuma ti chak leh in Nizan of Hyderabad leh English te pahnih in zawmkhawm nen chuan indona thu a puang ta a ni.Mahse English hruaitu General Smith zarah Hyder  Ali chuan Changam leh Thurivannamalai chu kum 1767-ah a hneh leh ta ni.English ho chuan Hyder Ali cu intiamkamna neiin kum 1769-ah the Treaty of Madras an sign pui a,chungte chu;

1] Indona tanga an ram chhuhsak ho kha pakhat te te a pekir leh turin.

2]An hmelhmate beihnaah intanpui rem ti turin a ni..

                                                               

                                                                   INDOPUI  2 [1780-1784]

Mysore in Marathas an va beih kum chu 1771 a ni.Hyder Ali chuan Madras ho nen inremna thuthlung an siam turah  English ho in an puih duhloh avangin Hyder Ali chu a thinrim hle ani.Chuvang chuan Hyder Ali chuan English ho chu beih leh tumin kum 1780-ah chuan English ho nen an indo tur thu apuangzar ta ani.Amaherawh chu Sir Eyre Coote hnuaiah,kum 1781-ah Hyder Ali chuan Porto Nova chu a hneh leh ta ni.Hyder Ali chu kum 1782-ah cancer natna vangin a thi a,mahse afapa Tipu Sultan chuan apa hnung rawn zuiin English ho nen a an indona chu rawn chhunzawmin kum 2 bawr vel an indo a ni.Indona tawp hnuin inremna thuthlung Treaty of Mangalore chu kum 1784-ah an sign ta a ni…

                                                                      INDOPUI  3 [1790-1792]

English ho chuan Nizam leh Marathas-te nena an inlaichinna chu an ti nghet zual sauh a.Tipu pawh chuan a indona hmanruate chu tuaihnum lehin French-ho puihna a dil bawk a ni.Tipu chuan kum 1789-ah English state thrian hnai tak Travancore chu a beih tak avangin Cornwallis chuan Tipu nena indo chu kum  1790-ah a puang ta a ni.An indo chhung zawng hian hnehna an inchan chhawk thin ani.Kum 1792-a indona a tawp khan Tipu chuan English nen inremna Treaty of Srirangapatnam chu an sign ta ani…

                                                                      INDOPUI  4 [1799]

Tipu leh English ina inremna Treaty of Srirangapatnam an sign tawh chu tih hlawhchham leh ani a.Tipu chuan Lord Wellesley hnen atanga puihna dawn chu a duh hauhlo a ni.Lord Wellesley hi Bengal Governor General a ni a. India Company chu Cornwallis aiawha enkawl turin tuge an ruat tak ang.Wellesley chu lo kir lehin indo duh ngailo khan vawilehkhatah Tipu nena an indo tur thu kum 1799 khan apuang ta a ni.Wellesley cvhuan a sipai zawng zawngte nen Tipu chu an hual vek a,mahse Tipu chuan zam hauhlo in a lo bei let a,mahse he indo naah hian Tipu chu a thi ta a ni…     

                      

                                                                                                                                                    

                                                                                                                                                     

                                  

Trace the course of British wars with Mysore? LALHRIATKIMI Roll.No-154

FIRST WAR (1766-1769)

Haider Ali was  defeated at Changam and Thiruvanamalai in 1767.English were forced to enter the Treaty of Madras in1769.It was signed by Haider Ali and the allies, consisting of company, the Raja of Tajore, the Malabar  ruler. It provided a mutual restitution of conquest take place except for Kaur and its districts which were to be retained by the Mysore ruler in case either of the parties was attacked, the other would rally to its assistance, the  Raja  of Tanjore  was to be treated as a  friend of Haider Ali .And the trade priviledges of Bombay presidency and English factories were to be restored. Treaty of Madras which ended the war had the following provision both return the territories conquered from each other and English were to help Hyder  Ali if he was attacked by any power.

SECOND WAR (1780-1784)

Haider Ali declared a war on English in 1780,and he defeated English force in Carnatic. In 1781, Sir Eyre Coote defeated Haider Ali at Port Navo. But next year 1782 Ali died cancer in the course of Anglo-Mysore and was succeeded by his son Tipu. Tipu ruled Mysore till his death at the hands of British in 1799.But the Anglo-Mysore war came to an end with Treaty of Mangalore in 1784.The clauses of the Treaty were as under both sides returned the territories conqured from each other and both sides releases the prisoner of war.

THIRD WAR (1790-1792)

After Ali died Tipu Sultan improved relationship with Nizam and Marathas.He planted a Tree of Liberty at srirangapatam and also he sign Treaty of Srirangapatam  with English. The English got Malabar, Coorg, Dindugal and Baramahal. Tipu Sultan was forced to sign the Treaty of Srirangapatam which contained the following terms Tipu had to part with half of his territory which was divided between the English and the Marathas.Tipu had to pay the war indemnity of these course of rupees which was equally divided among the allies.

FOURTH WAR(1799)

When British occupied Mysore after defeating and killing Tipu in 1799, they were surprised to find that Mysore peasant was much more prosperous than the peasant in British occupied Madras. Wellesly  came to know about Tipu activities,he declared war at once against him in1799.Wellesly himself besieged Srirangapatam.

FIRST WAR (1766-1769)

Changam leh Thiruvanamalai  te chu kum 1767 ah Haider Ali chuan a hneh a,kum 1769 ah Treaty of Madras chu Malabar enkawltu Raja of Tajore leh Haider Ali chuan an sign leh a ni. An sign nachhan chy English ho chuan Haider Ali chu puih an tiam bakah an pahnih chuan an ram awpchhungah let leh turin an intiam a ni. Kaur leh khawpui tih loh an hneh takte chu Mysore ho chuan an enkawl a, tin Bombay leh  English ho  chu  an zalenna  pekkir an ni a bawk  a  ni

SECOND WAR (1780-1784)

English-Mysore war vawi hnihna chu kum 1780-1784 inkarah a ni a,Ali chuan kum 1780 ah English ho a bei a.Mahse kum 1781 ah Sir Eyre Coote hovin English hovin Ali chu an rawn bei a ni. Haider Ali chu kum 1782 ah cancer vangin a thi a a fapa Tipu Sultan chuan ro a rel chhunzawm a kum 1799 a a thih thlengin.Kum 1784 a Treaty of Mangalore an sign a an pahnih chuan an ram awp chin a kir leh  mi tangte laka indo puan thu an sign hnu tang chuan an inbeihna chu a tawp zui a ni.

THIRD WAR (1790-1792)

Ali thih hnu chuan a fapa chuan Nizam leh Marathas nena an inlaichinna chu a siamtha hle a.Treaty of Liberty tih chu Srirangapatam  chu an sign bawk a ni. An sign na chhan chu an Tipu chuan Marathas leh English ho chu a ram chanve chu a pe tur a ni. Allies ho zingah an indo naa an chakloh vangin pawisa an chawi tur a ni. Tin English ho chuan Ali ram thenkhat Malabar,Dindugar,Coorg,Baramachal te chu an chang zui bawk.

FOURTH WAR (1799)

Kum 1799 a Tipu a thih hnu chuan British ho chuan Mysore chu an luah a, chubakah  British ho luah Madras a an hnathawkte aia sum leh paia an hausak zawk vang chuan an lawm hle ani. Wellesly chu Tipu lakah kum 1700 ah indo a puang leh a,Srirangapatam zawng zawng pawh chu Wellesly chuan a hual bet hneh hle ani.

Why was the revolt of 1857 called the first war of Independence? Grace Zothanpari , R\No:1301 BA 14

As the British had been conquering India bit by bit for over a century, popular discontent and hatred against foreign rule had been gaining strength among the different section of Indian society. It was this discontent that burst forth into a mighty popular revolt of 1857. This revolt has been called as the first war of Independence by Indian historian.

            The Revolt of 1857 was much more than a mere product of sepoy discontent. It was in reality a product of the character and policy of British colonial rule. The doctrine of Lapse introduced by Dalhousie led to the outright annexation of eight states. Nana Saheb lost his pension. Rani of Jhansi was not permitted to adopt a son. The annexation of Awadh and deposition of its ruler Wazid Ali  Shah, made Awadh the most prominent centre of the revolt. Bahadur Shah II, the Mughal Emperor and his successors were humiliated by the British. They were prohibited from using their ancestral palace, the Red Fort. Canning announced in1856 that the successors of Bahadur Shah were to be known only as princes and not as kings. So the native rulers turned against the British.                                                                                

            The peasants joined the rebellion because they too were hard hit by the inordinately high revenue demands of the state. The Indian weavers and handicraftsmen were forced to work according to the desire of the servants of the company but they in return receive very little wages. The landlord were devoid of their special privileges. This against the  British  by the craftsmen and landlord.

An important factor in turning Indians against British rule was that it endangered their religion due to the activities of the Christian missionaries who tries to convert people as the British government gave protection and encouragement to them. As the British introduce Abolition of sati (1829), legislation of widow’s remarriage (1856), imposition of taxes on the land belonging to temples and mosque all of them alienated these sections from British.

Immediate cause: By 1857, the material for a mass upheaval was ready, only a spark was needed to set it a fire. The episode of the greased cartridges provided this spark for the sepoy and their mutiny provided the general populace the occasion to revolt. The new Enfield rifle had been introduce in the army .Its cartridges had a grease paper over whose end had to bitten off  before the cartridges were loaded into the rifle. The grease was in some instances composed of beef and a pig. The sepoys,   Hindu as well as Muslim were enraged. On 29 March 1857 at Barrackpore, near Kolkata, Mangal Pandey, a young Indian Sepoy from Bengal Regiment,refused to use the greased cartridge, and shot down his sergeant. He was arrested and executed. When this news spread many sepoys started the revolt .

Although, the war ended in a defeat of the Indians by the English, it was definitely a civilian rebellion as its participants belonged to different sections of the community ranging from nobility and tribal groups. It is called the First war of Independence because this war started the movement in India to gain independence. Although it was not successful but the Indians came to know that they have to unify themselves and sacrifice many lives in order to defeat the British. It is so called because after this war many movements and revolutions were started against the British. This revolt thus accelerated the Independence process      

Q. Engvangin nge 1857 kha zalenna sualna atana  indona hmasa ber an tih chhan?

            British ho khan India ram chhung chu zwi te te in kum zabi chhung an lo awp beh tawh na ah khan, India ram mipui te chu an lungni lo in huatna nasa tak an nei a, chumi in a rwn hrin chhuah chu kum 1857 a British laka helna mi chi hrang hrang telna kha ani a. He helna hi India historian te chuan zalenna sualna atan a indona hmasa ber an vuah ani.

Kum 1857 a helna hi sipai ho lungnih lohna atanga lo chhuak ni in an sawi a, mahse anih na dik takah chuan British hoin an awp bet na rama an rorel dan in a nghawng chhuah ani a. Dalhousie an Doctrine opf Lapse a rawn tih chhuah chuan state pariat te chuawlsam takin a awp bet vat a. Nana Saheb chuan a lalna a chana.Jhansi ami Rani pawh fapa lak an phal sak lo a. Awadh an awpbetna leh an lalpa Wazid Ali Shah an paih thlakna chuan Awadh chu helna chhuahna hmun langsar tak anih phah a. Mughal lal Bahadur ShahII leh a thlah te chu British ho chuan an timualpho a, an thlahtute chenna atagin an hnawtchhuak a.Canning chuan Bahadur a aiawhtute chu lal ni lo in lal fapate tih tur a ti a. Heng te hian ram chhung lal te chu a tithinur a ni.

            Lo neitu te chu chhiah uchuak an chawi turin an bituk sak a. Kutthemthiam te chu an duhdan chiahin hna an thawh tir a hlawh tlem te chauh an pe a.Heng te avang hian hel chu an chak a.

            British ho lakah hel tirtu thil pawimawh tak pakhat chu sakhuana ani a. India mite te chuan sakhaw danga inleh luih tir an hlauh vang ani a, a chhan chu British ho chuan an lo chin than tawh Sati an tih tawp sak a,hmeithai in pasal a neih leh theihna tur dan an siam bawk a, an biakin hmun a chhiah an lak te chuan heng mite hi a hel tir a.

           

Helna a chhuahna bulpui ber chu:1857 ah khan hel thei turin hmanrua zawng zawng a awm tawh a mahse a ti alh chhuaktu a ngai a. Sipai te zing ah chuan silai thar hman tir ani a, chu silai kap puak tur chuan zen lehkha  mawm chu she chuah a ngai hmasa a. Chu thil mawm chu vawk leh bawng thau atanga siam an ti a,hei hian Hindu leh Muslim sipai te chu a ti thinur hle ani. 29 March 1857 ah chuan Kolkatta hnaih taka awm Barrackpore ah chuan Mangal Pandey an tih Bengal regiment ami chuan silai thar chu a hmang duh lo a, an hotupa a kaphlum bawk a. Amah chu an man a an that a, he thu  a darh atang hian sipai te chu an hel ta a ni.

           

He indona hi sap ten India mite a beihletna ah a tawp a. He helna avang a indona ah chak lo mahse mipui helna an tihna chhan chu  ram chhung hmun hrang hrang leh nihna hrang hrang neite an tel vang ani a. India zalenna sualna atana indo na hmasa ber an tih chhan chu hemi hnu atang hian movement leh revolution  chu British te lakah tan ani a.Bakah he helna hian India chu British awpbetna hnuai atanga zalenna hmu thei tura an sualna kawng ah nasa takin chakna a pe a ni.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

                                                       

Discuss the methods the British used to established their rule in India? C. Zonunchama Roll no 118.

The company officials utilised different methods to established control over the Indian states. These methods were mention in the following points.

1 . Trade :  Before the beginning of the British rule in India, there was a background of Indo- European economic relationship. The British East India company established in 1600, as the company of merchants of London trading into the East Indies. The company gained footing in India in 1612 after mughal emperor Jahangir granted the right to establish a factory in Surat. Infact , at the beginning this company had no interest in the development of colonies, perferring to engage in trade only, following the pattern set by the Portugese. But they extended their interest into establish their rule in India by the extension of their trade in India, and to ruin the local trade by spread of western goods.

2.  The british company created friendly relaitionship with Indian Ruler  :  The company did not simply march its armies in a pure military conquest followed by annexation. Instead, the company attempted created friendly relationship with the Indian states.The company’s relationship with Indian states were paistakingly developed pollitically and economically prior to any millitary confrontation. The company posted commercial or pollitical agents in each of the major Indian states which it dealt. As the company power grew during the 1757-1857 period, it used a variety of methods to reduce the autonomy of each state it encountered.

3. Decline of the Mughal Empire : The Mughal Empire decline in the first half of the eighteen century. The pollitical vacuum was  filled by the rise of regional states like Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh, Punjab and Maratha kingdoms. But these regional powers could not provide lasting political stability resulting into a lustful chance for the British East India company to establish a territorial empire in India.

4. Introducing Doctrine of lapse : Dalhosie also took advantage of every opportunity to acquire territory by peaceful means . This principle was called the Doctrine of Lapse.  Through Doctrine of Lapse Dalhosie annexed Satara  (1848) , Jhansi and Nagpur (1848) . As a result of these annexation, a large part of the central provinces came under the British rule.

                                                                                        
British in India an awp theihna tur  a an hmalakna kawng hrang hrang te :

British company thuneitu ten India ram an awo theih nan hmalakna hrang hrang an duang a. chung an hmalakna te chu a hnuai a mi te hi a ni

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1 . sumdawnna : British in India ram an awp hma hian India ram nen in sumdawn tawnna siam an tum a, chu an thil tum ti hlawhtling tur chuan ad 1600 ah london a sumdawng pawl ten East indies ah sumdawnna an din a. chu sumdawng pawl hming ah chuan British East India Company an vuah a. Mughal Lal Jahnagir an Surat ah factory din phalna a pek hnu phei chuan hma an sawn phah nasa hle ani. Atirah tak chuan he company hian India ram lak tumna an nei lem lo a, Portugese kaihruaina hnuai ah an sumdawnna tih len kha an tum pui ber ani. Mahse hun lokal zel ah chumi chu duh tawk loin India ram awp duh na an nei . Chumi tihlawhtling tur chuan an sumdawnna zauh zel a, an ram siam chhuah hmang a india thil siam luahlan leh awp beh an tum a ni.

2 . India ram Lal te nen in kungkaihna tha tak an siam:  British in India an awp theihnan sipai chakna ngawr ngawr an hmang lo .Cchumi ai ah chuan India ram then hrang hrang a roreltu te in remna an siam pui a,ram rorelna leh khawsakna kawngah te in rem na siam pui a ni.British company hian an aiawh mi rintlak India ram state pawimawh deuh ah chuan an dah vek a ni. He an hmalakna avnag hian an thuneihna chu a pung zel a, India ram roreltu te thuneihna erawh an tih hniam sak zel a ni.

3 . Mughal lal ram tlukchhiat : kum zabi sawmpariatna tir lamah chuan Mughal lal ram chu a tlu chhe rup a, hemi tlukchhiatna hian ram then hang hrang heng – Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh, Punjab leh Maratha lal ram te a pian chhuah tir a. Mahse heng ram te hian hun rei an daih tak tak lo a, chumi chu British te tan an ram zauhna leh tih nghehna tan hun tha tak ani. He Mughal ram tluchhia hi British lalram dinna hmanraw lian tak a ni.

4 . Doctrine of lapse :  Dalhosiea’n awlsam tak a India ram lak theihna dan a duang a. chumi a dan siam chu Doctrine pf lapse ti a vuah a ni. Hemi dan hnuai ah hian, India lal ten an mahni aiawh turin falak an neih chu pawm sak an nilo a . Lal an thuneihna rochungtu tur neilo chu an ram an chhuhsak hmak hmak  ni. He dan hmang hian Satara (1848) , Jhansi and  nagpur (1848) te chu hneh an ni a. Hetiang hmang hian India ram then tamtak chu an hneh a, British ram an din nan nasa takin a pui a ni. 

How were the Indian textiles industries affected by the industrial revolution in Britain? Brenda Lalmuanpuii Varte Roll.no 1301 BA 139

An important development in the second half of the 19th century was the establishment of large-scale machine-based industries in India. The machine age in India began when cotton textile,jute and coal-mining industries were started in the 1850's. The first textile Mill was started in Bombay by Cowasjee Nanabhoy  in 1853, and the first jute Mill in Rishra(Bengal) in 1855. Most of the modern Indian industries were owned or controlled by British capital. Foreign capitalists were attracted to Indian industry by the prospect of high profit.

The industrial revolution began with the birth of textile manufacturing in England. Since India was under the imperial control of Britain, Indian farmers were forced to grow cotton to fuel the English factories. Since the Indian farmers were forced to grow cotton as well as other cash crops vital to British interest (opium, rice,wheat, and indigo) instead of food for domestic consumption the country was gripped by numerous extremely deadly famine from 1770 to 1900. 

Foreign capital easily overwhelmed Indian capital in many of the industries. Only in the cotton textile industry did Indians have a large share from the beginning in the 1930's, the sugar industry was developed by Indians. In many cases even Indian-owed companies were controlled by foreign-owned or controlled managing agencies. Indians also found it difficult to get credit  from banks most of which were dominated by British financiers. Even when they could get loans they had to pay more interest rates when foreigners could borrow on much easier terms.

However, after the industrial revolution the table was turned as the textile imports to Britain were hurdled by stringent tariffs and other protectionist policies. Even though the imposed tariffs frustrated the Indian textile market, the superiority of the Indian calicoes remained unrivaled and people still imported it.

Another serious weakness if Indian industrial effort was the almost complete absence of heavy or capital goods industries, without which there can be no big plants to produce iron and steel, produced only in 1913. On the whole, industries progress in India was exceedingly slow and painful. It was mostly confined to cotton and jute industries and tea plantations in the 19th century, and to sugar and cement in the 1930s.
Also, India's colonial masters imposed laws that the dictated to the farmers which crops exactly to cultivate and how much crops to cultivate. This led to a situation where no food crops were cultivated because all lands were dedicated to production of raw materials for the British industries. The end result was famine and poverty. Therefore, industrial revolution turned Indians into a source of raw materials for British industries as well as a market for its finished products. The Indian economy also dwindled because its industrialization process was slowed down. Poverty and starvation also become common.

In Mizo

Large-scale machine-based industries din hi second half 19th century a thil poimawh tak a ni a. Machine age intanna chu cotton textile, jute leh coal-mining industries te intan a nih kum 1850 vel kha a ni. Textile mill hmasa Ber cu Bombay ah Cowasjee Nanabhoy an kum 1853 khan a din a no. Modern industries zawng zawng deuh tho kha British capital hnuai a awm a no. Foreign capitalists kha Indian industry khan a hip nasa hle a a chanchu a ram lan Dan atang khan a hlep a tam dawn vang a no.
Textile manufacturing England a a pian tirh khan industrial revolution hi a in tan a ni. India Khan Britain khuahkhirhna hnuaiah awm in, Indian kuthnathawkte chu cotton ching luih tir an in a, English ho hlawkna turin. Indian kuthnathawkte tih luih na vanga cotton lh sum leh pai a chantir theih thlai an chin tir atang khan India ram cu nghet taka hremna tamtak leh 1770- 1900 chungin  tam nasa tak a tla hial a ni.

Foreign capital chuan awlsam takin Indian capital chu an chimbuak ta a. Cotton textile ah chiah hian Indian ho chuan share tam tham an nei thei a, atir atang lh kum 1930 khan. Sugar industry hi Indian ho tih thang a ni. Kawng tamtakin Indian ho company pawh chu foreign ho khuahkhirhna hnuaiah a awm a. Indian ho chuan credit bank atanga neih te chu a harsa em em a achhancu bank tam zawk chu British ho awpna hnuaia awm a nih vang a ni. Loan an lak ve pawh in a pung tamtak an rulh a ngai bik thin a, chuta karah foreigners in an duh duh zat an pukin hun tam zok chung rulhna hun an neih theih laiin Indian ho tan chuan loan lak te chu a harsa hle a ni.

Amaherawhchu, industrial revolution zohah chuan an kaldan chu thlakin textile chu British ramah lakluh tir chu zawrhsum leh bungrua chhiah chu uluk leh zual in tih a ni. An chhiah te chuan Indian textile market te chu ti hrilhhai viau mahse Indian ho thuneihna chu a tlem em avangin mipui te chuan an thil thar te chu an pek chhuah a la ngai tho a no. Indian industrial chaklohna dang leh chu industry tha lh changtlung sakna tur an neih loh mai bakah rang tak leh mimal taka engmah an tih theih loh hi a ni. India hian iron leh steel siam chhuahna leh khawl siam na tur an nei lo a ni. Kum 1913 ah chauh khan a hmasa ber a tan India chuan steel hi a siam ve chain a ni. A tawi xongin, India hi industrial progress ah hian a hnufual takzet a ni. 19th century kha cotton, jute leh tea plantations industry te chu an huang chhungah dah thei tep in chutiang bokin sugar leh cement te pawh kum 1930 khan an ri chin tep a ni.

India's colonial ten dan siamin kuthnathawktute chu an thil chin leh a chin tur zat thlengin thu an nei a. Hei hian nasa takin nghawng a nei a, thlai leh buh lamah harsatna an tawk nasa hle  a, a chan pawh British industry hmanrua siamna tur lam hlir an chin tir vang a ni. A tawp ah chuan tam nasa tak an tawrh phah reng a ni. Chuvangchuan industrial revolution chuan Indian ho chu British industry hmanro siamna hmun pakhatah a herchhuah tir mai bakah an thil siam chhuah tih ralna hmunah a siam a ni. Indian economy kiam chhan chu an industrialization process muang luat vang a ni. Retheihna, tlakchhamna te chu an tan chuan thil thar a ni lo.