A generalisation is a linkage ofdisparate or unrelated facts in time or space, with each other. It is their grouping, their rational classification. Basically, a generalisation is a connection or relationship between facts, it is an 'inference' or, an explainatory relationship between phenomena. It is the result of the effort to provide an explanation and causation, motivation and effect or impact.
Generalisation are the means through which historians understand their facts, materials and try to provide their understanding of facts to others. Analysis and interpredtaion of events ect, is invariably done through generalisation.
Generalisation is involved as soon as we perform the two most elementary task: classify facts or data or phenomena and compare and contrast them, or seek out similarities and dissimilarities among them ,and make any inference from them.
thus we make a generalisation when we put our facts into a series one after another.For example when we mention the caste or religion of a leader we are making a generalisation. By connecting the caste and the leader or writer we are suggesting that his or her caste was an important part of his or her personality and , therefore, his or her political or literary work. Or even the mention of his or her age. More comprehensively , a generalisation occurs when we try to understand facts, or make connection between data, objects, events, records of the past through concepts and convey them to others through concepts.
Low level generalisation:A low level generalisation is made when we label a fact or event,classify it or periodise it.For example,when we say certain events occured in a particular year,decade or century.
Middle level generalisation:A Middle level generalisation is made when historian tries to find interconnnections among the different elements of the subject under study.Themes such as class consciousness,interest groups,capitalis,colonialism,
Wide generalisations or systematic or schematising generalisations :These are made when historians reach out to the largest possible,significant connections or threads that tie a society together.These historians try to study all the economic,political,social and cultural and ecological linkages of a society in an entire era.
sources of generalisations include previous writings on any subject,theories of history,society,culture and politics such as those of Marx,Weber and Freud and careful collection of data and interpretations.
Generalisations guide us,they enable us to doubt facts as they appear or as they have been described by contemporaries or later writers;they suggest new possible understanding of old facts,they bring out fresh points and views for confirmation, refutation,further development , further qualification of existing views.
A generalisation helps define a student of History's theme whether in the caste of an essay, tutorial, research paper or a book. They enable him to take notes- whether from a book, and article or a primary source. Generalisation also enable him to find out which of his notes are significant and relevant to the theme or subject matter of his research.
Generalisation also enable a researcher to react to what he is reading. He can do so only if he is generalising while he is reading. Generalisations lead to debates among Historians, otherwise the only reaction to each others work among them would be to point out factual mistakes. Generalisation lead Historians to pose issues for discussion and debate and to start processes of fruitful discussion among them.
Although there are many objections to generalisation, no writing is possible without using general terms and concepts. At every stages the historians have to make generalisations which provide the basis for understanding their facts and source material
TRANSLATION:
Generalisation chu thudik leh thil thleng a taka pawm tawh inzawm lo tak tak leh hrang hlak ni si te chu awmze nei tura remkhawm hi a ni. Thudik awmsa te inkar a inzawmna siam emaw nih phung mumal zawk neih tir hi a ni. Generalisation chu ka thil ziah a hrilhfiahna rintlak tak, thil lo thlen tir tu, thil lo awm chhan leh ch uthil in a a nghawng leh a rahchhuah thlenga chhawp chhuah tuma beihna hi a ni.
Generalisation chu historian ten thudik awmsa te leh an hmanraw neih ang ang te an zirchian atanga an hriatthiam dan ang anga midang te hriatthiam tir ve tuma an beihna kawng hmang leh zaizia, an hmanraw chikhat a ni. Thil thleng hrang hrang te inawm na leh inlaichinna endik a chhuina(analysis) leh thil thleng te mahni ngaihdan a a awmzia sawifiahna,(interpretation) te hi generalisation hmanga tih a ni.
Generalisation chu facts leh data te thliar a khaikhin a chung facts leh data te chu a in anna leh in anloh na hmuh chhuah angaihdan pawmtlak haichhuah na kawngah hian a inrawlh nasa em em a ni.
Generalisation kan siam hian kan facts te kha a indawt dan angin, mumal takin awmze nei turin kan dah thin a ni. Entirnan: Hruaitu(Leader) pakhat chu a sakhua emaw cast kan sawi lan hian Generalisation kan siam a ni. Leader leh a cast kan sawi zawm hian kha leader kha a cast kha amah a bung pawimawh tak a ni a,emaw, a hnathawh a fawng chelh tu pawimawh tak a ni kan ti thei ang. Generalisation lo awmdan chu facts leh events kan zir a hriatthiam tumin emaw data(thudik hawmkhawm), objects(thil sakhat), events(thil thleng), past records te inkar a inzawmna kan ngaihdan tlangpui hmanga kan siam a, midang te tana kan hlan hian a ni.
Generalisation chu awlai deuh thei a a khirhkhan deuh thei bawk a, level hniam leh sang a then a ni a.
Low level: Low level Generalisation chu fact emaw event emaw kan thliar hrana, hunbi hmanga kan then hia nimai a, emaw mi, a hna, a chi emaw a awmna hmun emaw kan tarlan hian kan hmang thin.
Middle level: Middle level Generalisation chu historian in a subject chhui emaw a zirbing laia elements hrang hrang zinga inzawmna , inzulzui bik a hai chhuah hian hman a ni thin.
Wide generalisation or systematising or schematising generalisation: Hetiang generalisation ah hian historian ten an ban phak china a zau theih tawp a huam a, awmze nei taka rem khawmin society chu hlawm khat in an thil khawm thin a ni. Heng historian te hian society a economic, political, social culture leh ecological inzawmna te chu huap zau thei ang bera zir an tum a ni.
Generalisation hian min kaihruai a, thudik pawm sa te chu min rinhlelh tira, a chhan chu chung thusik pawm tawh te chu tunlai mi te emaw tun hnu ami te hrilhfiah na leh ngaihdan a ni a, thudik lo pawm tawh te atang chuan hrilhfiahna tharlam min zawnhmuh a, kan thudik te chu hriatthiam dan danglam zawk min kawh hmuh a, thlir dan tharlam leh pawmtur nghet zawk hmasawn na zau zawk, thlir dan leh pawn dan tur tling leh tha zawk min neih tir a ni.'
Generalidsation chuan student chu history a a thupui thlan(theme) chu Essay in a ni emaw
tutorial emaw research paper ah emaw lehkhabu a ni emaw a thupui hrilhfiahna ah chuan a pui a ni. A thupui hrilhfiahna chu lehkhabu atang ten article atang te leh primary source atang ten nots pawimawh a lak chhuah tir a, chu a note lakchhuah an chuan a thupui thlan atana tangkai tur emaw a research thupui in a sawi bik lai te a thurchhuahna kawngah chuan generalisation hian a pui a ni.
Generalisation hian researcher chu a thil chhiar ah chuan ngaihdan thar te a siam tir a. Historians zingah debates a cho chhuah tir aa thil chhiar atang khan generalisation a rawn siam a, debate leh sawi ho tur issue eng engemaw a chhawpchhuah tir thin a ni.
Generalisation hi hnialna leh kalhtu awm mahse ngaihdan tlangpui leh a tello chuan thuziah hi a famkim thei tak tak lo a ni.
REFERENCE:
Historialgraphy, Indira Gandhi National Open University
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