HISTORY: The English word’history’is derived from the Greek word’Istoria’meaning inquiry,research,exploration or information.In a broad snse history is a systematic account of the origin and development of humankind,a record of the unique events and movements in its life.It is an attempt to recapture however imperfectly,that which is,in a sense,lost forever.
E.H.Carr in his work “What is History” says that,”history is a continuous process of interaction between the historian and his facts,an unending dialogue between the present and the past”.
History is the result of the interplay of man with his environment and with his fellowmen.Man has always expressed himself in terms of certain basic needs such as food,clothing and shelter,social political organization,knowledge of his environment and transmission of such knowledge,self-expression,and religious and philosophical beliefs.Such activities together make up the universal cultue pattern.When man come to share the same institutions and ways of life they may be said to possess the same ‘culture’.Fundamental differences between groups are essentially differences in their cultures.Cultures do not remain wholly static or isolated,but change over periods of time and interact with other cultures.Culture interact both in peace and war.When a people come to have a highly complex cultural pattern resting upon an increase social organization and exerting wide control over nature,they may be said to have achieved what is called ‘cicilization’.Civilization in all its varied aspects constitutes the subject matter of history.Such a cultural approach to history would make it a biography of civilization.
History is the living past of man.It is the attempt made by man through centuries to reconstruct,describe and interpret his own past.In modern times,particularly from the period of Niebuhr and Ranke,it has come to mean the attempt to reconstruct the past in “a scholarly fashion,sticking to certain definite rules of establishing fact,interpreting evidence,dealing with source material,etc”.
HISTORIOGRAPHY: Historiography literally means the art of writing history.It is the history of history,or the history of historical writings.Historiography tells the story of the successive stages of the evolution or development of historical writings.It has come to include the evolution of the ideas and techniques associated with the writing of history,and the changing attitudes towards the nature of history itself.Ultimately it comprises the study of the development of man’s sense for the past.
There have been differences in the nature and quality as well as the quantity of historical literarture in the different ages and among different peoples.These differences have generally reflected changes in social life and beliefs and the presence or absence of a sense of history.The spirit that moved that moved the Greek and Roamn historians was different from that which inspired the Christian historians of the Middle Ages.The historical writngs of the Italian Renaissance,particularly that of Machiavelli,represented a harsh reaction to religious influence in history writing.The reaction reached its climax in the historians of the Enlightenment-Voltaire,Gibbon,Hume and Robertson.The pace of change has been greater ever since as the study of the past has increasingly come under the influence of manifold ideas.Historiography,as a special branch of history,traces these changes through the centuries.
While history proper is the historian’s reconstruction of the past,historiography,says Arthur Marwick,is really the history of historical thought-it is not only the theory or practice of history.By holding up models of how history has been written through the centuries,it guides the research scholar and the historian.
Eng nge History ni a, eng nge Historiography awmzia?
HISTORY : History hi Greek thumal ‘Istoria’ atanga lak ani a; zir chianna, chik taka chhui a hriat chhuah tuma zawnna tihna a ni. A zau zawng a sawi dawn chuan History chu thil zawng zawng mumal taka an lo chhuah dan leh he leia thil nung leh nung lo te kalphung, an chawrchhuahna leh awmdan zirchianna tiin a sawifiah theih a. Thil engkim, eng ang dinhmun tha leh tha lo ah pawh ding ta sela boral a a liam mai tur kan theihnghilh loh chu he History kan tih in a tum leh min zirtir chu a ni.
E.H. Carr a ziak “What is history?” tih ah chuan history chu historian (zir chianna kawnga mi thiam) leh thil kal dan leh thudik te in tawh tawnna leh inkungkaihna; tun hun leh hun liam tawh ten inzawmna leh inrelbawlna tawp neilo a thlun zawmtu tiin a sawi a ni.
Mihring leh a chheh vel a thil awm inzawmna leh inkhawih tawnna hi history kan tih chu ani. Mihring chuan ama nihna dik tak ei leh in, silh leh fen, hriatna leh rinna hmang ten a pho lang thin, chu chuan he khawvel a a kalphung chu a siam a. Hnam ziarang leh kalphung te a in an vek siloh avang chuan hmun hran ah te awmin pawl hran hran ah te kan awm a; remna, muanna leh indona te pawn inzawmna an lo nei ani. Mihring in kalphung mumal tak leh fing taka leilung leh a chhunga thil awm chu a enkawl theih chuan hnam fing leh changkang ti a sawi an ni thin a. Chu changkanna hmelhmang tih danglama a awmna chuan History kan tih chu a duang ani.
History chu mihring te tan chuan hun liam tawh a kan khawsak dan tihna a ni mai a. Kum zabi tam tak liam ta atanga mihringin a hun liam tawha ama nun dan awmze nei taka a sawifiah theih nan a tih a ni. Niebuhr leh Ranke hunlai tang tawhin History chu mi lehkhathiam takin thil a chin thar, thil kalhmang leh awmdan dinchhuah a,thil reng reng lo chhuahna chhuichhuahna pawimawh tak tiin a awmzia an lo sawifiah thin ani.
HISTORIOGRAPHY : Historiography chu a ngial a ngan chuan History lama themthiamna tihna ani mai a. Thil hlui leh liam tawh te ziahna leh chik taka chhuina kan tih thumal ‘History’ zir chianna leh hriatthiamna a ni. Historgraphy chuan thil nung mawl te te atanga zawi zawia thil nung sang zawka than danglamna kawnga rahbi pawimawh tak tak chungchang a in dawt danin min hrilfiah a. A tawpah mihringin a hun kal tawh chu rem hre tak leh awmze nei takin a hriat fiah thiam tir na kawngah nasa takin a pui ta thin ani.
Hun leh hmun te leh a mihring inkar te a zirin nasa takin thil zirchianna kawnga kan hriatna, kan thiamna leh thiam dan kal hmang chu a in ang lo hlawm a. Heng danglamna te hian kan rinna leh nun dan te, history kan hriat na a awm leh awm loh nate chu a thlak danglam tlangpui a. Greek leh Roman history thiam leh ziak thin tute rilru khawih danglam a chawk phur thin thil leh Christian historian te ti phur tu te chu an in ang miah lo bawk a. Italian Rennaisance laia Machiavelli a’n thil zirchianna a ziah ah chuan history writing a sakhuana in thununna a neihna chu sawh khawkna nasa takin historian tam tak lakah a vawrtawp a thlen a. Hun kal tawh zirna chu ngaihdan chi hrang hrang hnuaia a awm takah chuan nasa takin danglamna hmuh tur a awm taa. Historiography chu history peng zinga bik leh pawimawh tak anih avangin heng danglamna thleng te hi kum zabi tam tak hnuah pawh a lang zel tih min entir ani.
History chu thil chhui zau mi ten hun kal tawh din that lehna anih lain Arthur Marwick chuan Historiography chu thil zirchianna leh chhuina lam hawi zawnga ngaihtuana leh rilru pekna, ngaihruatna a hisapna leh a tih a tih ringawt erawh ni silo tiin a lo sawi ani. Entawn tlak taka kum zabi tam tak liam tawh atanga history an lo ziah tawh dan kan chawikan hian historian te leh chik taka chhuina lama mi thiam te a kaihruai a ni.
Reference:
1. Shreedharan.E, “A textbook of historiography”.
Orient Blackswan 2009
2. Jayapalan.N, “Historiography”.
Atlantic Publishers and Distribution (P) LTD.
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