Discuss the methods the British used to established their rule in India? C. Zonunchama Roll no 118.

The company officials utilised different methods to established control over the Indian states. These methods were mention in the following points.

1 . Trade :  Before the beginning of the British rule in India, there was a background of Indo- European economic relationship. The British East India company established in 1600, as the company of merchants of London trading into the East Indies. The company gained footing in India in 1612 after mughal emperor Jahangir granted the right to establish a factory in Surat. Infact , at the beginning this company had no interest in the development of colonies, perferring to engage in trade only, following the pattern set by the Portugese. But they extended their interest into establish their rule in India by the extension of their trade in India, and to ruin the local trade by spread of western goods.

2.  The british company created friendly relaitionship with Indian Ruler  :  The company did not simply march its armies in a pure military conquest followed by annexation. Instead, the company attempted created friendly relationship with the Indian states.The company’s relationship with Indian states were paistakingly developed pollitically and economically prior to any millitary confrontation. The company posted commercial or pollitical agents in each of the major Indian states which it dealt. As the company power grew during the 1757-1857 period, it used a variety of methods to reduce the autonomy of each state it encountered.

3. Decline of the Mughal Empire : The Mughal Empire decline in the first half of the eighteen century. The pollitical vacuum was  filled by the rise of regional states like Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh, Punjab and Maratha kingdoms. But these regional powers could not provide lasting political stability resulting into a lustful chance for the British East India company to establish a territorial empire in India.

4. Introducing Doctrine of lapse : Dalhosie also took advantage of every opportunity to acquire territory by peaceful means . This principle was called the Doctrine of Lapse.  Through Doctrine of Lapse Dalhosie annexed Satara  (1848) , Jhansi and Nagpur (1848) . As a result of these annexation, a large part of the central provinces came under the British rule.

                                                                                        
British in India an awp theihna tur  a an hmalakna kawng hrang hrang te :

British company thuneitu ten India ram an awo theih nan hmalakna hrang hrang an duang a. chung an hmalakna te chu a hnuai a mi te hi a ni

.

1 . sumdawnna : British in India ram an awp hma hian India ram nen in sumdawn tawnna siam an tum a, chu an thil tum ti hlawhtling tur chuan ad 1600 ah london a sumdawng pawl ten East indies ah sumdawnna an din a. chu sumdawng pawl hming ah chuan British East India Company an vuah a. Mughal Lal Jahnagir an Surat ah factory din phalna a pek hnu phei chuan hma an sawn phah nasa hle ani. Atirah tak chuan he company hian India ram lak tumna an nei lem lo a, Portugese kaihruaina hnuai ah an sumdawnna tih len kha an tum pui ber ani. Mahse hun lokal zel ah chumi chu duh tawk loin India ram awp duh na an nei . Chumi tihlawhtling tur chuan an sumdawnna zauh zel a, an ram siam chhuah hmang a india thil siam luahlan leh awp beh an tum a ni.

2 . India ram Lal te nen in kungkaihna tha tak an siam:  British in India an awp theihnan sipai chakna ngawr ngawr an hmang lo .Cchumi ai ah chuan India ram then hrang hrang a roreltu te in remna an siam pui a,ram rorelna leh khawsakna kawngah te in rem na siam pui a ni.British company hian an aiawh mi rintlak India ram state pawimawh deuh ah chuan an dah vek a ni. He an hmalakna avnag hian an thuneihna chu a pung zel a, India ram roreltu te thuneihna erawh an tih hniam sak zel a ni.

3 . Mughal lal ram tlukchhiat : kum zabi sawmpariatna tir lamah chuan Mughal lal ram chu a tlu chhe rup a, hemi tlukchhiatna hian ram then hang hrang heng – Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh, Punjab leh Maratha lal ram te a pian chhuah tir a. Mahse heng ram te hian hun rei an daih tak tak lo a, chumi chu British te tan an ram zauhna leh tih nghehna tan hun tha tak ani. He Mughal ram tluchhia hi British lalram dinna hmanraw lian tak a ni.

4 . Doctrine of lapse :  Dalhosiea’n awlsam tak a India ram lak theihna dan a duang a. chumi a dan siam chu Doctrine pf lapse ti a vuah a ni. Hemi dan hnuai ah hian, India lal ten an mahni aiawh turin falak an neih chu pawm sak an nilo a . Lal an thuneihna rochungtu tur neilo chu an ram an chhuhsak hmak hmak  ni. He dan hmang hian Satara (1848) , Jhansi and  nagpur (1848) te chu hneh an ni a. Hetiang hmang hian India ram then tamtak chu an hneh a, British ram an din nan nasa takin a pui a ni. 

How were the Indian textiles industries affected by the industrial revolution in Britain? Brenda Lalmuanpuii Varte Roll.no 1301 BA 139

An important development in the second half of the 19th century was the establishment of large-scale machine-based industries in India. The machine age in India began when cotton textile,jute and coal-mining industries were started in the 1850's. The first textile Mill was started in Bombay by Cowasjee Nanabhoy  in 1853, and the first jute Mill in Rishra(Bengal) in 1855. Most of the modern Indian industries were owned or controlled by British capital. Foreign capitalists were attracted to Indian industry by the prospect of high profit.

The industrial revolution began with the birth of textile manufacturing in England. Since India was under the imperial control of Britain, Indian farmers were forced to grow cotton to fuel the English factories. Since the Indian farmers were forced to grow cotton as well as other cash crops vital to British interest (opium, rice,wheat, and indigo) instead of food for domestic consumption the country was gripped by numerous extremely deadly famine from 1770 to 1900. 

Foreign capital easily overwhelmed Indian capital in many of the industries. Only in the cotton textile industry did Indians have a large share from the beginning in the 1930's, the sugar industry was developed by Indians. In many cases even Indian-owed companies were controlled by foreign-owned or controlled managing agencies. Indians also found it difficult to get credit  from banks most of which were dominated by British financiers. Even when they could get loans they had to pay more interest rates when foreigners could borrow on much easier terms.

However, after the industrial revolution the table was turned as the textile imports to Britain were hurdled by stringent tariffs and other protectionist policies. Even though the imposed tariffs frustrated the Indian textile market, the superiority of the Indian calicoes remained unrivaled and people still imported it.

Another serious weakness if Indian industrial effort was the almost complete absence of heavy or capital goods industries, without which there can be no big plants to produce iron and steel, produced only in 1913. On the whole, industries progress in India was exceedingly slow and painful. It was mostly confined to cotton and jute industries and tea plantations in the 19th century, and to sugar and cement in the 1930s.
Also, India's colonial masters imposed laws that the dictated to the farmers which crops exactly to cultivate and how much crops to cultivate. This led to a situation where no food crops were cultivated because all lands were dedicated to production of raw materials for the British industries. The end result was famine and poverty. Therefore, industrial revolution turned Indians into a source of raw materials for British industries as well as a market for its finished products. The Indian economy also dwindled because its industrialization process was slowed down. Poverty and starvation also become common.

In Mizo

Large-scale machine-based industries din hi second half 19th century a thil poimawh tak a ni a. Machine age intanna chu cotton textile, jute leh coal-mining industries te intan a nih kum 1850 vel kha a ni. Textile mill hmasa Ber cu Bombay ah Cowasjee Nanabhoy an kum 1853 khan a din a no. Modern industries zawng zawng deuh tho kha British capital hnuai a awm a no. Foreign capitalists kha Indian industry khan a hip nasa hle a a chanchu a ram lan Dan atang khan a hlep a tam dawn vang a no.
Textile manufacturing England a a pian tirh khan industrial revolution hi a in tan a ni. India Khan Britain khuahkhirhna hnuaiah awm in, Indian kuthnathawkte chu cotton ching luih tir an in a, English ho hlawkna turin. Indian kuthnathawkte tih luih na vanga cotton lh sum leh pai a chantir theih thlai an chin tir atang khan India ram cu nghet taka hremna tamtak leh 1770- 1900 chungin  tam nasa tak a tla hial a ni.

Foreign capital chuan awlsam takin Indian capital chu an chimbuak ta a. Cotton textile ah chiah hian Indian ho chuan share tam tham an nei thei a, atir atang lh kum 1930 khan. Sugar industry hi Indian ho tih thang a ni. Kawng tamtakin Indian ho company pawh chu foreign ho khuahkhirhna hnuaiah a awm a. Indian ho chuan credit bank atanga neih te chu a harsa em em a achhancu bank tam zawk chu British ho awpna hnuaia awm a nih vang a ni. Loan an lak ve pawh in a pung tamtak an rulh a ngai bik thin a, chuta karah foreigners in an duh duh zat an pukin hun tam zok chung rulhna hun an neih theih laiin Indian ho tan chuan loan lak te chu a harsa hle a ni.

Amaherawhchu, industrial revolution zohah chuan an kaldan chu thlakin textile chu British ramah lakluh tir chu zawrhsum leh bungrua chhiah chu uluk leh zual in tih a ni. An chhiah te chuan Indian textile market te chu ti hrilhhai viau mahse Indian ho thuneihna chu a tlem em avangin mipui te chuan an thil thar te chu an pek chhuah a la ngai tho a no. Indian industrial chaklohna dang leh chu industry tha lh changtlung sakna tur an neih loh mai bakah rang tak leh mimal taka engmah an tih theih loh hi a ni. India hian iron leh steel siam chhuahna leh khawl siam na tur an nei lo a ni. Kum 1913 ah chauh khan a hmasa ber a tan India chuan steel hi a siam ve chain a ni. A tawi xongin, India hi industrial progress ah hian a hnufual takzet a ni. 19th century kha cotton, jute leh tea plantations industry te chu an huang chhungah dah thei tep in chutiang bokin sugar leh cement te pawh kum 1930 khan an ri chin tep a ni.

India's colonial ten dan siamin kuthnathawktute chu an thil chin leh a chin tur zat thlengin thu an nei a. Hei hian nasa takin nghawng a nei a, thlai leh buh lamah harsatna an tawk nasa hle  a, a chan pawh British industry hmanrua siamna tur lam hlir an chin tir vang a ni. A tawp ah chuan tam nasa tak an tawrh phah reng a ni. Chuvangchuan industrial revolution chuan Indian ho chu British industry hmanro siamna hmun pakhatah a herchhuah tir mai bakah an thil siam chhuah tih ralna hmunah a siam a ni. Indian economy kiam chhan chu an industrialization process muang luat vang a ni. Retheihna, tlakchhamna te chu an tan chuan thil thar a ni lo.

How was the Battle of Plassey fought ? What was its significance ? Roll 156

The Battle of Plassey was fought between the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daula and the East India Company. The battle was fought because the East India Company was no longer a mere trading company, they extend their influence to the Bengal province which was a rich and a fertile province. Without taking permission from the Nawab of Bengal, the company began to fortify Calcutta in anticipation of their conflict with the French who had set their factory at Chandernagar. During this period, the Anglo-French struggle in Carnatic Wars had shown the military and political weakness of the Indian rulers, at instance the Company refused to give recognition of authority to the Nawab. The battle was said to happen when the Nawab confined about 145 Bristisher including women and children in a small cell at Calcutta, more than 120 people died and this incident is came to be known as the ‘Black-Hole’ tragedy.

This incident made the English to send a relieving force under Robert Clive to Bengal. Clive was ancious to start a war with Siraj-ud-daulah but he was in search of a proper reaction for it. Clive entered into conspiracy with Mir Jafar, the Chief Commander of Siraj. Robert Clive wrote a letter to Nawab about the violation of the treaty of Alinagar and without writing the reply of the letter, he send an army against the Nawab . The Nawab also send his army to face the invasion of the English and a battle was fought between the two armies in the field of Plassey on 23 June 1757 AD at Palashi,West Bengal,about 150 km north of Calcutta.

The battle marked the end of Siraj-ud-daulah’s rule in Bengal. After the death of Siraj-ud-daulah, the Bristish made Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal. The political results of the battle proved to be far sighted, it was infact a revolution. It gave a new turn to the history of India, it also extended the influence of the English in India and also laid the foundation of the Bristish empire in India.

The battle turned the English merchants to be the rulers. They became the makers of Nawabs in Bengal. They understood that successes could be achieved in India only through conspiracies and intrigues. The battle also disclosed that the people of Bengal were not satisfied with their rulers. The English patronised the dissatisfied Hindus and with their help tried to attain success against the Muslim Nawabs. The English established in Bengal and was very important for the English from the military point of view. The control of Bengal help them in establishing their control over Northern India. The Battle of Plassey proved fatal for the Mughal Empire. It not only let the province of Bengal slip from the hands of the Mughal but also disclosed the military weakness of the empire.

The rule of the English was established over Bengal after the Battle of Plassey. Bengal had great significance from the economic point of view. Bengal  was counted as the richest provinces of India. The Battle proved to be important in many respect. The victory of Plassey added to the prestige of the Company. But at the same time it exposed the moral decline of the Britishers who endeavoured their best to amass wealth by hook or crook.

How was the Battle of Plassey fought ? What was its significance?

Battle of Plassey chu Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daulah leh East India Company te inbeihna ani a, he indona chhuah chhan ber chu East India Company chu sumdawng satliah ni tawh lovin, a thuneihna hmang sang zelin Bengal ram pui leh hausa ah pawh an in khuar zel a, Nawab of Bengal remtihna leh phalna pawh tel hauh lovin Calcutta hmunah inbengbelin French factory bulah bu an khuar hnai ta zel a ni. Hetih hunlai hian Anglo-French buaina Carnatic Wars ah Indian hruaitute chu an chakloh zia leh thawh hona an neih that loh zia a tilang chiang hle a,chutih rualin company chuan thuneihna Nawab hnenah pek an khap tlat bawk ani. He indona chhuah chhan ber ni a cu Nawab chuan English mi 145 hmeichhia leh naupangte pawh zuah lo a bawm tawt lutukah a khungkhawm a, Calcutta khaw lum lutukah chuan thawk that theih loh vangin mi 120 lai an thih phah a ni. He thil thleng hi ‘Black Hole tragedy’ tiin an lo vuah ta hial ani.

He thil thleng rapthlak tak avang hian English ho chuan Robert Clive chu he thil thlengte chingfel leh endik turin Bengal ah an tir a, Clive-a chuan Siraj-ud-daulah nena indo chu a chak hle tawh mahse ruahmanna tha tak nena beih a duh avangin thawhpui atan Mir Jafar,chief of commander chu inremsiamna a neih pui ta a. Robert Clive chuan Nawab hnenah Treaty of Alinagar bawhchhiat a nih thu a hrilh a, chhana a hmuh hmain sipai Murshidabad ah a tir nghal a, Nawab pawhin English sipaite lo dang turin a sipaite a tir nghal bawk a, 23^rd June 1757 ah Battle of Plassey chu a chhuak ta a ni.

He battle hian Siraj-ud-daulah lalna paih thlakin a awm tih a tilang chiang hle a. A thih hnu chuan British ho chuan Mir Jafar chu Nawab atan an ruat nghal a, he inbeihna hian ram kaihruai zel dan tur a ti chiang lo em em a,a nihna ang taka sawi chuan inthlak hlawkna a ni zawk mah ani. English thuneihna a ti pung em em a, chung bakah British  thuneihna pawimawh tak thlentu a ni.

English chu hnehna an chang avangin hruaitu thar an ni ta a. Bengal ram awptu thar an ni a, tihluihna leh remhriatna avang cauhin India ram chu hneh theih a ni tih cu an hre chiang hle bawk a ni . English ho chuan Hindu hel ho chu thawhpui tumin Muslim ho chu paihthlaka hneh an tum ta a ni. Bengal a thuneitu an nih tak avangin Northern India pawh  control zung zung a awl ta hle a. Battle of Plassey vang hian Bengal chu Mughal kut atangin English kutah a awm ta a, chu mai bakah sipai thawhhona chhiatzia a tilang bawk a ni.

Battle of Plassey vang hian English ho chuan Bengal chu an lo awp ta a. Bengal chuan hausakna lamah hma a sawn phah em em a, India rama ram bial khat hausa ber a lo nih phah ta ani. He indona hi kawng tinrengah a pawimawh em em a,  an hnehna channa hian Company hlutna a ti zual sawt bawk ani. Chutih rualin British ho chhungril chhiatzia chu an theihna zawng zawnga India ram hausakna engmah pawisakna nei loa lak an tumna chuan a rawn ti lang chiang hle ani.

Who is Rammohan Roy?Discuss his contribution to Indian Society? Lalthlengliana Chawngthu 1301BA122

Rammohan Roy,popularly known as 'the father of Modern India' was born in 1774 at Radhanagar,Bengal.He belonged to an orthodox Brahmin,but rich Zamindar family.He mastered in Persian ,Arabic and Muslim law at Patna,and Sanskrit and Hindu shahstra at Benaras.In 1797,he joined the service of the East India Company as Diwan under Thomas Wood Forde and later under Rigby.He learned English,Greek,Latin and Hebrew and studied Bible and others works of Christian

theologist.He learned trancisism from Haricharananda Tirthascecamy at Rangpur and also learned Jain and Buddhists philosophies.He got the title of Raja from Akbar II ,the Mughal king,who sent him to england in 1830.Raja Ram died at Bristol in 1833.

Though,the service of the Rammohan Roy were in the field of relegious reform,but he is the pioneer for the important secular movement in the history of India.He is infact,the prophet of modern ideas,the first modern man in India and herald of the New age.There was no sphere of national life which was left untouched by them.

Rammohan Roy started a campaign for the abolition of sati,condolenced polygamy,denounce castecism,,advocate the right of Hindu widows to remarry.With his active persuasion Lord William

Bentinck passed the famous regulation.In 1829 ,that declared sari illegal and punishable by courts.Rammohan Roy was fully alive to the challenge that had come to India in the form of Western civilisation and felt strongly the needs for a new philosophy which would absord and assimilate the modernism imparted from the west,without sacrificing the genuine spiritual heritage of India.He warmly advocate the introduction of science and technology into the educational curriculum of India and became a popular of English education and enlightened journalism in the country.

He argued for the reform of Hindu law,led the protests against the heavy restriction on the Indian Press and sent petition to the Supreme Court and King- in-council for the purpose.Thus,he strengthened the cause of freedom of speech.He fought against the government rigid oppressive land laws in written memorandum submitted to the joint select committee.He sought to safeguard the rights of the peasantry against those of Zamindari and invested on education in rent.He praised the substitution of english for persian as the official language in the court of the English East India Company.

He was a pioneer in the realm of literature.By writings book in Bengal,Urdu,Persian,Sanskrit and english ,he strengthener the literary traditions of our country and enriched our national treasure.In 1803,he published a Persian book called Tuhfal-ul-muwahidin or 'A gift to monothesists' and in 1820 published a remarkable book in English ,'The precepts of Jesus,the guide to peace and happiness'.He also started the first Bengali weekly 'Samvad Kaumudi' and three years later the murutal Akbar in Persian.Thus ,he was a pioneer in the sphere of journalism.He guided the younger generation of the Bengali writers.

Rammohan Roy was certainly the first star on the Indian intellectual of the 19th century.In 1833 he passed away at Bristol in England learning behind his ideas and the message of modernisation for

others to pursue.

Tunge ni Rammohan Roy? India society tan a a hnathawh te kha han sawi teh?

Kum 1774 khan Rammohan Roy hi lo Randhanagar khua Bengal ah lo piangin ,' Father of Modern India'ti a koh hial ani.Brahmin thurin pawmnghet tlat tu ni in,Persian te,Arabic leh Muslim dan te hi Patna ah a mastered a ,Sandkrit leh Hindu shahtras hi Beneras ah a master bawk a ni.Kum 1797 khan East India Company hi revenue officer a zawm in,Thomas Wood Forde leh Rigby te hnuai ah a  thawk a ni.Tawng chihrang hi a thiam hnem hle a,Greek te,Persian te,Latin te,Arabic leh Hebrew tawng thlengin a thiam a ni.Christian hnathawh dan leh an rin Bible pawh a zirchiang nghe nghe.Jain leh Buddhist philosophy thlengin a zir tel bawk.Raja nihna title hi Akbar pahnihna,mughal king in kum 1830 khan a hlan a ni.Bristol khua England,London a tang a hla lo te a kum 1833 khan a thi a ni.

Rammohan Roy hian sakhua inrelbawl dan chungchang ah hma a la nasa hle a,mahsela, India ram chu sakhaw lam thil huam lova beihpui thlak tu sulsutu hmasa a ni bawk.

Rammohan Roy hian sati tihtawp a nih nan te,nupui pakhat ai a tam neih tihtawp nan te,Hindu nuthlawi in kawppui an neih leh theihnan hma a la a ni.Lord William Bentinck chuan heng a thu thlen te hi a tihlawhtling in,kum 1829 chuan sati hi titawp in,a tilui an awm a nih chuan Courtin natak a hremtur in a pased bawk a ni.Rammohan Roy hian a ngaihdan hi nghet leh khawng takin a kalpui zel a,khawtlang nundan tha zawk tur a ngaihtuahin a rilru pawh a seng hnem hle.India ram zirna in ah English in science leh technoly zirtirin,hmasawnna pawh a chak hle a,chanchinbu a eizawng mi te tan kawng a chhit eng phah hle.

Hindu law siamthar hi a duh lovin a dodal hle a,khuahkhirhna rittak hnuai a awm hi a dodal in India Press mi te,Supreme Court ah leh lal rorel na ah hial a thlen a ni.A dinna ah  chiangin mi tupawh in duhduh sawitheihna zalen an nei tih hi a chiang hle.Mahni huan loh ram ziak a dahfel vek sawrkar a thehluh tur tih chu dodal in comittee inzawmkhawm pawl ah a thlen bawk.Kut hnathawktu te dikna chanvo humhim turin hma a la na sa hle a,lo neihtuten an hlawhfa te  hlawh an pek ngei theihnan hma a la bawk.

Thu leh hla lam a sulsu tu a ni a.Lehkha bu hi tawng chi hrang in a ziak hnem hle bawk,english te,urdu te,persian leh sanskrit ten a ziak hnem hle.Hnamtan a athuleh hla te hi a nung reng tawh anga

kumkhua a chhinchhiah a ni tawh ang.Kum 1803 khan persian tawng in'Tuhfal-ul-muwahidin ' 'A gift of monothesist' tichhuakin,kum 1820 ah english in 'The precepts of Jesus,the guide to peace and happiness' te a lo ti chhuak a ni.Bengali in kartin chhuak 'samvad maumudi' chu tichhuak hmasa tu ber a ni.chanchinbu ziak a eizawng mi te tan sulsutu pawimawh leh entawn tlak tak a ni.

Rammohan Roy hi hnialrual lohin kum zabi 19 na ah India mipawimawh ber kan ti thei awm e,kum 1833 khan Bristol(London bul)England ah a huntawp hmangin a hringnun chu vuiliam a ni ta a ni.

                 

           

Q. Discuss methods of British used to establish their rule In India?- Bill Lalmalsawma

When the industrial revolution started in Europe small states did not have sufficient raw materials for their industries, or markets for their finished goods. These countries now started looking for markets in Asia and Africa. England succeeded in controlling trade with India and established the East India Company in 1600. This company was supported by the British government. With its help England was able to extend her territorial frontiers to the Indian subcontinent. The first factory was established at Surat in 1613.Their most important settlement on the southern coast was Madras where they built a fortified factory called Fort St. George. This was the first proprietary holding acquired by the company on Indian soil. Gradually the company expanded its trading network. By that time the company was well established in India. It had also succeeded in eliminating the other rival European powers from India. They also started interfering in the political affairs of the Indian rulers.

The Company officials utilized different methods to establish control over the Indian states before annexing territory from them. Further, the Company did not simply march its armies in a pure military conquest followed by annexation.

Instead, the Company’s relationships with each Indian state were painstakingly developed politically and economically, prior to any military confrontation. The company posted commercial or political agents (generally called ‘Residents’) in each of the major Indian states with which it dealt. As the Company power grew during the 1757-1857, it used a variety of methods to reduce the autonomy of each state it encountered.

The Company’s rights of intervention in each state were occasionally specified in treaties with that state. But frequently, the Company’s agents simply exercised them without, or even in violation of, any formal treaty provision. The Company squeezed vast amounts of capital from each state, either through tribute or subsidy payments by the ruler or else through the manipulation of trade.

The Company cut down the size and effectiveness of the armies under the control of the Indian rulers, preventing these armies from deployment outside of the state and additionally, limiting their use by the ruler for internal purposes such as revenue collection.

By shifting military power from the armies of the states to ‘subsidiary forces’ (paid for by the state but under control of the Company), the Company made many of the rulers powerless to oppose it openly. Through intervention in the internal affairs of the state, the Company finally established indirect rule over all the Indian states which it did not immediately annex.

Thus, early annexations took place mostly through military conquest over weakened Indian states, but later annexations came in instances where the Company deposed a ruler or dynasty already under its indirect rule. In quite a few cases, like that of Bengal, the Company established varying degrees of de facto power long before the official assumption of de jure authority took place.

The main types of industries that came up in the 19th century in India Rengthanmawii,1301BA153

When the British authorities reorganized and regulated India’s economy, they organized a modern administration system which brought an transformation and new ideas to Indian in all aspects. While there was an changing in society, the rising industrial interest also wanted to make India a big market of their goods.

An important development in the second half of the 19^th century was the establishment of large-scale machine based industry in India.The machine age in India began when cotton textile, jute and coal mining industries were started in the 1850’s . The first textile mill was started in Bombay by Cowasjee Nanabhoy in 1853,and the first jute mill in Rishra(Bengal) in 1855.These industries slowly expand but continuously. In 1879, there were 56 cotton textile mills in India employing nearly 43,000 persons. In 1882, there were 20 jute mills, most of them in Bengal employing nearly 20,000 person. The coal-mining industry employed nearly one lakh of persons in 1906. Other mechanical industries which developed during the second half of the 19^th  and beginning of 20^th century were cotton gins and presses, rice, flours and timber mills,leathertanneries, wollen textiles, sugar mills,iron and steel and such mineral industries as salt,mica and saltpeter. Cement,paper,matches, sigar and glass industries developed during the 1930’s, but these had a very stunned growth.

Apart from machine based industry, the 19^th century also witnessed the growth of plantation industries such as indigo, tea and coffee. Indigo was used as a dye in textile manufacture and it was introduced into Indians at the end of the 18^th century and flourished in Bengal and Bihar. The tea industry was developed in Assam, Bengal and South India and the hills of Himachal Prades, after 1850 it was also become an important items of export. Coffee plantation also introduced during this period in South India.

Most of these Indian industries were owned or controlled by the British capital. Foreign capitalists also attracted to Indian industry because labours were extremely cheap raw materials were readily and cheaply available and for many goods, India and its neighbours provided a ready market. For many Indian products such as tea, jute and manganese, there was a ready demand the world over.

On the otherhand, the plantation and other foreign owned industries were of hardly any advantages to the Indians. Their profit went out of the country as most of their products were sold in foreign market. Thus, the industrial progress in India was exceedingly slow and painful.

                                              

The Main Types of Industries that came up in the 19^th century

British in India ram an awpchhung hian nasatakin kalphung leh tihdan thar an chhawpchhuaka, an awptawhloh hnu pawh hian India chuan hmasawnna tamtak a nei a ni. Ram in relbawl nana pawimawh em em eizawnna mumal leh sumdawnnatur an duang bawk a ni. Chu mai piah lamah ramdang sumdawng mite chuan India hi thlunzawm an lo tum fo thin a ni.

Kumzabi 19 nalaia sumdawnna kawng a rawn lar chho em em mai chu large-scale machine based industry(khawl hmanga sumdawnna siam). India pawhin kum 1850’s chho khan he eizanna hi alo hmelhriat ve a ni. Chung zing a larte chu  cotton textile, jute leh coal mining te an ni. Textile industry hi a hmasabera tan kum 1853 khan Bengal ah tan ania, a bultumtu chu CowasjeeNanabhoy a ni. Jute industry pawh hi a hmasaberatan kum1855 khan Risha(Bengal)ah tan a ni. Heng sumdawnna hi zawimuanga tan a ni a,kum1879 khan cotton textile mill hi 56 a awma,hnathawktu mi 43,000 zet rawih a ni. Kum 1882 pawh khan jute mills hi hmun 20 laiah a awma,a tam bernachu Bengal ah a ni,mi 20,000 velzet an thawk bawk a ni. Coal mining industry ah pawh hian mi 115,000 dawn laimaihnathawk an awm bawk a ni. Heng industry piahlamahhian cotton gins lehpresses,rice, flour leh timber mills te,leather tanneries ,wollentextiles,sugar mills ,iron te leh steel te hi 19^th leh 20^th century tir lam te khan alo piangchhuak  a, mineral industries-salt ,mica leh saltpeter te pawh a awmbawk ani.1930’s khan cement,paper, matches, sugar leh glass industry te pawh a awm bawk.

19^th century hian machine industry piahlamah plantation industries te hi a hmelhriatbawk a, chungte chu-indigo, tea leh coffee te a ni. Indigo hi 18^th century tawp lama rawnherchhuak a ni a, Bengal leh Bihar ah te a lar bik hle.Kum 1950 hnuah Tea industry hi Assam, Bengal ,south India leh Himachal Pradesh tlangram ah tesiam a nia,sumdawnna a thilthawnchhuahpawimawhberte zing ami a ni. Coffee plantation pawh hi South India ah hemi hunlaivek a rawn in tan a ni.

Heng sumdawnna hi a tlangpuiin British ho hnuaia awm a nia; chumai paihlamah ram pawn lam miten an bawh em em mai a, achhan chu hnathawkte hlawh a tlemmai bakah hmanrua mamawh te hmuh a awlsam a atlawmhlawmhlevangpawh a nibawk. A lehlam ah chuan heng khawl hmanga eizawnna emaw thlai chin asumdawn emawte hi India mipuite tan chuan hlawkna a tlem hle maia, a hlawknate chu ram danga a luanral vang leh thilsiam chhuah reng rengte ram pawn a zawrh thin anihvangtepawh a ni, heng ah hian British ho chuan a hlawkna an tel nasaber thin. Chutiang avangchuan Indian industrial progress hi India tan chuan a thanatthlakin a hlawklem lo em em bawk a ni

The various land revenue policies introduced by British Jenny Lalthangkungi, 1301BA 131

 Land revenue was introduced by the British in India. The main burden of providing money for the trade and profits of the Company. The cost of administration and the wars of British expansion in India had to be borne by the Indian peasant or ryot. Infact, the British could not have conquered such a vast country as India if they had not taxed the peasant heavily. It had done indirectly through intermediaries, such as zamindars, revenue farmers etc, who collected the land revenue from the cultivator and kept a part of its as their commission

The Permanent Settlement:Warren:Hasting auctioned the right to collect revenue to the higestbidders.But his experiment did not succeed. Though the amount of land revenue was pushed high by zamindars and other speculators bidding against each other. The actual collection varied from year to year and seldom came up to official expectation. Moreover, neither the ryot nor the zamindar would do anything to improve cultivators when they did not know what the net year assessment would be on who would be the next years revenue collectors.

 It was at this stage that the idea first emerged of fixing the land revenue at a permanent amount. The zamindars were to give 10/11 of the rental they derived from the peasantry to the state keeping only 1/11 for themselves.At the same time, the zamindar had to pay his revenue rigidly on the due date even if the crops had failed for some reason;otherwise his lands were to be sold.

The Ryotwari Settlement: Under this system the cultivators was to be reorganized as the owner of his plot of land subject to the payment of land revenue. The ryot’s right of ownership of his land were also negated by the factors, i.e, the ryot had to pay revenue even when his produce was partially or wholly destroyed by drought or floods.

The Mahalwari System: A modified version of the zamindari settlement introduced in the Ganga Valley,the North-West provinces,part of Central India and the Punjab was known as the Mahalwari system.

British ho hian India ah hian land revenue an lo siam a. Hei hi an lo siamnachhanchu British ho in indonalehinenkawlna a an phurritvel India ramathingtlang mite leh loneitute chawitir an duh vangani. Anihnatakahchuan India anga ram zau hi British tan chuanchhiahrittakhnuaiaankaihhruailohchuan an awpthathei dawn lo ani. He land revenue hi zamindarte, loneimite leh midangtehnenah an khawn thin a ,bakah a then an commission thin a ni.

The Permanent Settlement:

Land revenue a an pawisa pek thin hi zamindarste hian an tisang thin a, an thilkhawnte hi kumtin a danglam thin bawk. Engpawhchunise, lomitelehzamindarstehianloneitutehmasawn nan engkim anti theia,mahse a kumleh a chhiahturemawchhiahkhawnttuturengmah an hrengai lo ani.

Hetiangdinhmunatanghianngaihdanthar a rawnluta,chuchu a nghet a chhiahbitukani. Zamindars ho hian 10/11 thingtlang mite hnena an hmuh thin hi an thehlut thin turania,tichuan 1/11 chauhchuanmahni tan an dah turani. Hemi rualhianbuhemawthlaitechuengthilvangpawhin lo chhe ta se, zamindars ho chuanchhiahchua huntakahzel an pek a ngai thin a; an pektheihlohchuan an ram chuhralhturani.

The Ryotwari System:

He system ah hi chuanloneimitechu an ram bialzimte a thuneitu an nia,chhiahpawh an chawi a ngaivethoani. A ram in a thawhchhuahchukhawkhengemawtuilian pawn lo tichhemahse lei man chu a pektho a ngai a ni.

The Mahalwari System:

Ganga valley,North-West leh Central India a zamindari settlement tihdan dang an hman hi mahalwari system ani. Chhiahkhawndanturchuthingtlang mi te maw landlord ten a ansiamtur a ni.