British in Canton sumdawnna tihdanglam a tum dan

- Lianzasuana

Roll No.1501BA129

Department of History

Pachhunga University College

Canton chu China a sumdawnna hmun pawimawh tak a ni a, bungraw phurh luh leh phurh chhuah zawng zawng chu Canton a tihfel vek a ni ṭhin. Ramdang sumdawng Canton a awm te chu dan khauh tak hnuaiah an awm a. China sumdawng co-hong te nen ram dang sumdawng te chu an in dawr ṭhin a ni. Ram dang sumdawng te chuan buaina neuh neuh an tawk ṭhin a, Canton a sumdawnna chu thlak an duh hle. 

British sumdawng te chuan Canton a sumdawn chu him lo leh lungawi thlak loh an ti a. Lady Hughes lawng a sap pakhat in Chinese mi a kahhlum thilthleng khan ram pahnih inkar boruak chu a ti so sang zual a, China chuan an lawng te leh Canton sumdawnna chu an khar mai ṭhin a. Chuvang chuan British sawrkar chuan buaina chhuak ṭhin te, China a sumdawnna ti lian lehzual turin palai atan Charles Allan Cathcart, Parliament member leh Bengal army a quartermaster-general chu December 21, 1789 khan an tir ta a. Mah se kawng laka Cathcart a thih avangin an chhunzawm thei ta lo. 

China ah chuan sumdawnna kalpui dan  thlak leh tih zauh theih nan British sawrkar chuan vawi hnih chu Macartney leh Amherst te a tir leh a ni. 

THE MACARTNEY MISSION 

British sawrkarin palai tura a ruat ang in kum 17923 December 26 khan Lord Macartney leh a ṭhian Sir George Staunton leh mi dang 84 te chuan London chhuah san in China ram chu an pan ta a. British pawisa 15,610 pounds man hu thipek an keng tel bawk. China ram a sumdawnna tih zauh zel leh inremna siam bakah hian Macartney leh a ṭhiante chuan thil tum paruk pawimawh tak an nei a, chungte chu :

(i) China ram a thingpui leh puan an chîn na hmun neih ve a, British sumdawng te an awm ve a, English dan a rorel

(ii) China nen a sumdawnna kawng a inremna siam leh a ram puma British sumdawnna tih zauh

(iii) Canton a buaina awm ṭhin sut kian

(iv) Bristish sumdawng te China ram a sumdawng tura  sawm

(v) Peking a British palai neih/dah

(vi) Japan, Cochin China leh chhuah lam thliarkar a British sumdawnna kalpui.

British palaite chuan Canton chu June 19, 1793 khan an thleng a. Ch'ing sawrkar chuan British palaite chu an thipek te avangin  an lo dawng sawng ṭha hle a. China rama an cham chhung a an pawisa hman tur te an pe bawk. Tientsin aṭang chuan China lal tilpek atan bawm 600 chu Peking an panpui leh a ni. Peking aṭang chuan September ni 2 ah Jehol, an lal Ch'ien-lung awmna chu an pan leh ta a. China ram lal ber Ch'ien-lung chuan British palaite chu a lo lawm hle a. Mah se Macartney an chibai (kowtow) duhloh avangin a lungawi lo  deuhva, a tawpah erawh chuan Macartney a chu a ke pakhat a ṭhingṭhit a rem tihpui a ni. September 26 khan Peking-ah an let leh ta a. British palaite chuan October ni 7 ah Peking an chhuahsan leh ta a ni. 

China lal Ch'ien-ung chuan Britain lal George III hnenah lehkha thawnin Peking a palai awm tura an dil na chu pawm lovin Chinese dan kalh a nih thu a hrilh a. Chien-lung chuan Macartney a dilna paruk te chu pakhat mah a pawm duhlo a ni. British sawrkar in pound 78,522 seng a China ram a Macartney leh a pawlte a tirh chu a hlawhtling lo. 

THE AMHERST MISSION 1816

British sawrkar chuan February 8, 1816 khan Lord Amherst, India Governor hlui leh palai dang pahnih Henry Ellis leh Sir George Thomas Staunton te chu China-ah an thawn leh ta a. August 13, 1816 ah thilpek 52 te nen Amherst chuan Tientsin a thleng a, Board of Public Works a an president in a lo dawngsawng a ni. China lal chibai buk (kowtow) tura an tih khan Amherst chuan duh lovin a lukhum vawi thum lak thlak leh a lu vawi kua kun a thlang zawk a, chumi avang inhnial tawp theilo chuan Tungchow, Peking aṭang a mel 10 vel a hla ah chuan ni 10 chhung an tang a ni. 

August 28 tlai lamah chuan Peking pan an phal ta chauh a. Kalkawng ah chuan Chinese hruaitute leh Amherst a chu an inhnial buai ta a. Amherst a chu an thlem lungawi thei ta si lo, Chinese hruaitute chuan British palai, Amherst chu a damlo a ni tiin diklo takin an lal Chia-Ching chu an hrilh a. China lal Chia-Ch'ing chuan thuchhuah siamin British palaite chu China chhuahsan tur leh an thilpek te a dawn loh tur thu a puang a ni. Tihtheih dang nei ta hek lo, Canton chu January 28, 1817 ah an chhuahsan ta nghe nghe. 

Macartney leh Amherst a ten China nen inremna an siam theihlo leh a hlawhchham takah chuan British roreltu te chuan China nen a insumdawn tawnna tihtawp emaw, Chinese duh dan a kalpui emaw, sipai chakna hmang a thlâk an rawt a. Khawvel a ram chak leh tuipui te chung a roreltu ram chuan sipai chakna hmang a siam ṭhat an tum a. China chuan Amherst an an a zahlo chu an ngaitheilo hle a ni. Emperor Chia-Ch'ing  chun Canton sumdawnna chu tihtawp hial a tum a, mahse indona len buai chhuak thei a nih avangin Canton a governor-general ngenna a angin a kalpui êm ta lo. 

Canton sumdawnna chu mimal sumdawng pung chak leh India aṭanga opium tawlh ruk nasat avangin a inthlak thleng nasa hle a. Kum zabi 19 na ah phei chuan a inthlak nasa lehzual a ni. Lintin leh Hongkong aṭangin opium chu an tawlh ru nasa a, an hlawkna turin sumdawng dang (non-hong) te nen an thawk dun a ni. Kum 1820 vel a Bristih ten China a an tawlh luh lar tak a ni. Mimal sumdang pung zel leh opium tawlh luh avangin Canton sumdawnna chu a inthlak nasa in British leh Chinese inkar ah ingeih lohna tam tak a rawn chhuah phah ta a ni. 

References:

      Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, Oxford University Press, USA; 6 edition 

          (December 9, 1999)

      Schirokauer, Conrad. 1981, Modern China and Japan.  Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York 

China a ram dang te’n chanvo tha neih tum a an beihna

- Joseph Lalthlamuana, 

 Roll No.1501BA136

VI Semester B.A (History)
Department of History,
Pachhunga University College 

             Opium Indona (1839 - 1860) a China hneh a nih khan inremna intluktlang lo tak tak khawthlang ramte khan an siampui a. Khawthlang ramte khan China kha rawn awp tawplo mah se an nawrna leh sumdawnna kawng a iremna intluklo tak tak an siampuina atang khan China khan a tuar nasa em em a, zawi zawi in China ram chhung a hmun hrang hrang te kha an rawn enkawl/hawh ta ani.Ram dangte’n khan an ram bung hrang hawhte kha ‘concession’ tia kan hriat chu a ni.

                Kum zabi 19-na tawp lam atang khan China dinhmun kha a inthlak nasa em em a. Kum 1884-1885 ah khan France khan China kha a hneh a, Indochina, China leh ram dang irina hmun pakhat kha a luah ta a ni. Kum 1894-1895 a China leh Japan an indo khan Japa in China a hneh a, ram bung hrang hrang kha a nei ta a , chung zingah chuan Formosa te , a bul hnai a mi Pescadore te , Korea te leh Manchuri khawthlang lama Liaotung hmun te an tel a ni.

                Japan in China a hnehna khan khawthlang ramte kha China a an hmun luah duhte venghim turin a nawr ta a.France leh Germany leh Russia ram te tangkawp khan Japan in China a hmun a luah zel tur kha an dang ta. Chumi venhimna rulhletna’n chuan Russia chuan China hnen atangin lawmman a ngen ta a, Trans-Siberian relkawng sak mek pawh kha Manchuria panna atan a hmang bawk a ni. He relkawng, Chinese Eastern Railway, hi Russia in Manchuria panna atan a hman ber a ni bawk ani.

               German puithiam pahnih China a Shandong bial a  kum 1897 a thah an nih khan Germany khan zangnadawmna a ngiat a, chumi hnu atang chuan  ram dangte’n China a ram luah emaw hawh an tumna kha a nasa zual a ni. Germany in China hnen atanga a ngiatte chu Jiaozhou leh Shandong bial a Qingdao hmunte kum 99 chhung luah hawh te ani. Chumi hnu lawkah Russia pawhin China chhim lam a Liaodong kum 25 chhung luah hawh a rawn ngiat ve a, chubakah Lushun (Port Arthur) kha sipai hmunpui a tan a rawn hmang a, tin, Dalian kha sumdawnna hmun atan a rawn hmang bawk a ni.

                Chutihlai vel chuan France ramin China chhim lam a awm  Yunnan ram leh Guangxi leh Guangdong bialte  chu ram dang mite pelo turin Ching roreltute inremna a siampui ve bawk a, tin Vietnam panna relkawng sak theihna te leh Guangxi bial chhung a Guangzhouwan hmun hawh theih na nei turin China kha inremna a rawn siampui ve bawk ani. Tin, China a dakin (postal service) siam a nih hunah France tanpuina dil thei turin inremna siam a ni bawk ani.

                 Britain ram paw’n Guandong bial te, Hong Kong leh Kowloon hmun te hawh turin China kha a rawn dawr ve bawk a, tin, Yangzi phairam hmun a bial hrang hrang awm te kha ram dang te pelo turin China kha inremna a rawn siampui ve bawk a ni. Shandong hmar lama Weihaiwei hmun kha  kum 25 chhung  a enkawl hawh bawk a ni.

                  Ram dang zawng zawng zingah khan Italy chiah kha China a ram hawh tum, mah se hlawhtlinglo awmchhun a ni. United States kha khatih lai khan Spain nen a kum 1898 a an indo avangin China kha a buaipui ve hmanlo a, mahse sumdawnna kawngah  thil hrang hrangah  dinhmun intluktlang theuh ram dang China rawn luttute’n an neih heih nan ‘Open Door Policy’ a rawn duang a, nimahsela a hlawhtling ta chuanglo ani

                  Ching lalte kha ram dang nawrna do let tur khan an chak tawk lo a,nawrna leh ngenna uchuak lutuk te kha chu a siam danglam thei tawk a ni. Buaina a nasat chhoh zel avang khan China sawrkar leh mi lehkhathiamte khan a tawpah ni za chhung insiamthatna “Hundred Days’ Reform’ an tih kha an rawn kalpui  ta a ni.

     

RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY

            Raja Ram Mohan Roy, popularly known as  ‘the father of modern India’, was born in 1774 at Radhanagar ,Bengal .He belonged to an orthodox Brahmin ,but rich Zamindar family. He mastered in Persian, Arabic and Muslim law at Patna, and Sanskrit and Hindu Shastra and Benaras. In 1797, he joined the Wood Forde and laid under Digby. He learned English, Greek, Latin and Hebrew ( the original language of Bible) and studied Bible and other works of Christian theologians. He learned Tantricism from Hariharananda Thirthaswamy at Rangpur (N.Bengal) and also learned Jain and Bhuddist philosophies. He got the title of Raja from Raja II, the Mughal king, who sent him to England in 1830. Raja Ram died at Bristol (near London) in 1833.

            The eighteenth and early nineteenth century India was facing many problems. The colonial historians projected it as the ‘dark era’ of Indian society. It cannot be denied that there were many social vices and injustices in India- practices of Sati, female infanticide, polygamy (kulinism in Bengal), problems of window, child marriage, dominance of priest, costly and meaningless rituals and superstitious beliefs were common in most part of India. To start a crusade against the prevalent religious and social vices and injustices, Raja Ram Mohan Roy used four methods.

1.      Establishment of religious associations.

2.      Publication of books and newspapers.

3.      Holding discussion and debates, and

4.      Setting up educational institutions.

Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin(A gift to monotheist)was his first book(1803)the influence of Islam and the influence of Matazilah’s philosophy on him could be clearly seen. He was also impressed by the philosophy of legendary Persian poets Jalal-ud-din Rumi (1207-73).

From Islam, he took the concept of monotheism, opposition to idolatry, principle of social equality, theory of the relation between God and his attributes, manners, and ways of living.

He read Bible in Hebrew as he read Quran in Arabic . He admired Jesus Christ and his teachings , especially his ethical code which is reflected in his book –‘ The Percept of Jesus’ (English).He tried to highlight the similarities among different religions. He also tried to move the misconception of the Christian missionaries about Hinduism.

Though, he gave due importance to holy text of all religion i.e., Rigveda, Upanishads, Bible and Quran, but he gave more importance to reason. Any idea or beliefs which were not based on reason and rationality, he had no hesitation in rejecting it. It was his firm confidence in the utility of ‘reason’ which forced him to oppose polytheism, idolatry, practise of Sati and other evils of Hindu society. He applied the same yardstick for Islam and Christianity. He accepted many ideas and philosophies of Islam and infact, was greatly influenced by it ,but rejected the Islamic concept of ‘blest’ and ‘cursed’. Similarly, he rejected the ideas of ‘Trinity’ and ‘Miracles’, the fundamental principles of Christianity.

The Atmya Sabha (1814) was set up at Calcutta by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and friends, mostly middle class liberals and social aristocrats. Though, Raja Ram tried to balance the two extremes – the radicals and the conservatives – ye his idea of monotheism, his close association with Muslims, his admiration of Islam, Christianity and the western liberal thought shocked the Hindu society in general and Brahmins in particular. The attendance, therefore, dwindled and after 1819 it ceased to meet.

The God or Brahma, according to him, is the supreme immortal soul from whom all human souls originated and will rejoin after the death. To worship Brahma only, he founded the Brahmo Sabha on August 20, 1828 and renamed it Brahmo Samaj in 1829.

He believed in the unification of divergent groups of Indian society in order to bring about national consciousness in India. He initiated public agitation on political questions like the need for reforms in the British administration, trade and economic policies etc. He also pioneered Indian journalism in order to educate the public on current issues and to present public opinion before the government.

He led a life-long crusade against the practice of Sati and finally in 1829 he succeeded in persuading Lord William Bentinck to abolish it. He championed women’s rights, like right of inheritance and property, and attacked polygamy and the degraded state of widows. He fought for the introduction of modern education through the medium of English. He made Bengali the vehicle of intellectual intercourse n Bengal.

Why was the revolt of 1857 called the first war independent? Vanrampari Roll No 132

 Revolt of 1857 was the culmination of the people  mistrust of the British and of their discontent and dissatisfaction hardship and the suffering caused under the oppressed British rule. The immediate cause for the revolt was the sepoys who were forced to used the new rifles that they had to use were to be bitten open. The Muslim and the Hindu sepoys  were angry because the new cartridges had pig  fat which the Muslim believe pigs are unclean and the Hindu believed the cartridges has cow fat. The rebellion broke out when a British soldier arrested Mongal Pandey and other  Indian soldiers and hanged  Mongal Pandey which was through to be treachery.

The reason why the revolt of 1857 is called the War of Independence due to the following:

1.      The Indian chiefs who took part in the revolt proclaimed  their loyalty to the Mughal king, who was considered as the symbol of political  and national unity of the country.

2.      The entire Bengal army rose to revolt. Although many of the rulers of the princely  states remained loyal to the British, their soldiers revolted or remained on the brink  of the revolt.

3.      The common people in several areas rose up in arms, often fighting with ones, spears and arrow. The peasants, the artisans, shopkeeper, labourer provided strength to the freedom movement.

4.      The commoners at various places who did not actively participate in the revolt, showed great  sympathy  for the rebels. They rejoiced at the victory of the of the rebels . They even  boycotted those sepoys who remained loyal to the British.

5.      There was remarkable Hindu Muslim unity to face the Britishers during the struggle. They were well respected at all levels of leadership.

6.      This revolt would not have spread so swifly had there been no popular support behind it.

7.      May 31 1857 was fined as the day for the revolt throughout the country.

8.      The revolt spread quickly in Oudh, central India. Many small chiefs also revolted with the support of the people who disliked the British rule.

9.      It was the result of the widespread public reaction against the British rule as secret emblems in the form of ‘chapattis’ and ‘red lotuses’.

                           No doubt, the sepoys were the backbone of the revolt and they bore the burst of the struggle to break the chains that imprisoned India. They became its shield and spear. Besides, the sepoys, million of Indian took part in the revolt. The rapidity with which the struggle for freedom spread shows that in several areas, it enjoyed mass support. At some places, the Williams were more active and aggressive than even the sepoys. They started boycotting British community. This revolt bring the Hindu-Muslim unity the rebels leader were fighting for the restoration of their last privileges . The mutiny became a revolt and assumed a political character when the mutineers of Meerut placed themselves under the king of Delhi and a section of the landed aristocracy and civil population declared in his favour. A fight for a rebel ended as a war of independence for there is not the slightest doubt that the rebels wanted to get rid of the alien government and restore the old order of the king of Delhi was the rightful  representative.

Revolt of 1857 hi Indian mipuite British awpna hnuai a helna an lantir nasa ber ani a, Indian ho chuan Britisher  ho hian tawrhn, hlimlohna leh natna chiah an thlen tih an hriat avang in British awpna hnuai a ta zalenna an sual ani. He revolt chhuahna chhan ber ni a hriat chu English ho chuan an silai siamthar chu kah dawn ah hmui a hawng tur in an siam a, chu tih lain british ho chuan an silai siam thar ah chuan vawk sa leh bawng sa thau an telh ni a rinna Indian mipui ten an nei a, sipai tam tak Hindu Muslim te chuan an rinna zahloh sak na ah an ngai nghet hmiah a, a chhan pawh vawksa chu Muslim tan chuan ei thiang lo leh bawlhhlawh ani a, chutiang zel in bawngsa pawh Hindu tan  chuan tenawm leh thiang lo ani. He indona chhuah tan tak hun chu Britisher ho in Mungal Pandey leh Indian sipai tam tak an man Mangal Pandey-a chuan chu phatsan tu a puh in an khaihlum hial a ni.

             Reason for war of independence.

1.      Indian chiefs he indona tel ve pawh in Mughal rorel na hnuai a an rinawm zia an puangzar a, hei hian ram leh hnam inpumkhat na a ti lang chiang hle a ni.

2.      Bengal sipai pawh he revolt ah hian an harhchhuak a, he tih lai hian lalram tam tak chu British awpna hnuai ah kun in hel duhlo mahse, an sipai te chu he indona ah hian nasa takin hma an la a, an lal te pawh an phatsan hial a ni.

3.      Mipui tamtak hmun hrang hrang ami pawh in an theih tawk in hma an la ve a, a thil neih an gang indona ah an telh ve a, lonei tute ,ziak mi te leh dawrkaite pawh in nasa takin an pui bawk ani.

4.      Mipui nawlpui he indona a tel ve chiah lo te pawh in nasa tak in fuihna leh thawh ho na tha an lantir a, chu tih rual in sipai British hnuai a rinawm a la awm te pawh boycott an ni.

5.      He indona ah hian Hindu Muslim thawh hona a lang chiang hle a, inlung rual takin he revolt hi an bei tlang a ni.

6.      He in beihna hi he tiang khawp achak hian mipui puihna tel lo chuan a kal thei lo hrim hrim a ni.

7.      May 31 1857 chu ram pumah indo ni a puan a ni.

8.      Oudh, Rohilkhand,Doab leh Bundelkhand ah chuan he indona hi a nasa hle , ram hruaitute pawh in mipui puihna zarah helna British lakah an kal pui ve zel a ni.

Indian sipai chu he indo na a sulsutu ber an ni a, Indian mi jail tang tam tak an chhan chhuak a, hmun pawimawh ber luah tir an ni, heng bakah hian mipui tam tak pawh in he revolt hi an dodal bawk a, zalenna an duh thu chu tlangau pui zel in, puihna tam tak an dawng zel bawk ani. Hruaitu te chuan an dinhmun hlauh ta tan an bei bawk a, he revolt a lang chiang ber chu Indian ho chuan Britisher awp na atang a chhuah a, an mahni hnam hruai thin tu hnen ah ngei thuneihna leh thil tih theihna let leh tur in an duh ani.

Reference :

1.      Modern  Indian History – J.C.Aggarwal

TRACE THE COURSE OF BRITISH WARS WITH MYSORE Zothansangi Rollno; 137

FIRST  WAR [1766-1769] =   HYDER ALI strengthened his army by including the French soldier into his service. He extended his territories by conquering many areas in South India.The rapid rise of Hyder Ali naturally excited the jealousy of the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad and the English. They joined together and formed a triple alliance and declared a war on Hyder Ali.But under the leadership of the English General Smith,Hyder Ali was defeated at Changam and Thurivannamalai in 1767.Tipu Sultan son of Hyderli advances towards Chennai. So the English were forced to enter into the Treaty of Madras in 1769,the provision of which were;1] Territories conquered during the war were restored toeach other.2]  The English agreed to help Hyder Ali in case of attack by his enemies,the Nizam and the Marathas..  

                                           

SECOND WAR [1780-1784]  =    Mysore was attacked by the Marathas in 1771.As the per treaty of Madras, the English did not help Hyder Ali.So Hyder Ali got angry. Mahe,a French possession in the dominion of Hyder Ali was attacked by the Enlish,Hyder Ali declared war on the English in 1780.He defeated the English force in the Carnatic.However,under Sir Eyre Coote,defeated Hyder Ali at Porto Nova in 1781.Hyder Ali died of cancer in 1782.But his son Tipu Sultan continued the war with the English for 2 more years. The war came to an end with an agreement signed in 1784,called the Treaty of Mangalore..

THIRD WAR[1790-1792]  =   The English started improving their relationship with the Nizam and Marathas.Tipu,on the other hand,improved his resources.He got the French help. Heattacked Travancore in 1789 which was a friendly state of the English.So,Cornwallis declared a war on Tipu in 1790.Both the troops and had victories and defeats alternately.The war came to an end in 1792.Tipu signed the Treaty of Srirangapatnam with the English

FOUR WAR[1799]  =   The Treaty of Srirangapatnam failed to bring peace between Tipu and the English.Tipu refused to accept the subsidiary alliance of Lord Wellesley.Lord Wellesley is the Governor General of Bengal who succeeded Cornwallis was determine to extend the influence of the company of India.Wellesley came to know all about Tipu activities,he declared war at once against hin in 1799.Tipu fought bravely but died in the battle.Wellesley himself besieged Srirangapatnam..

                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                        

   

                             

                                       INDOPUI  1[1766-1769]

Hyder Ali chuan a sipai te leh French sipai te chu  ti chakin a thuam tha a.A ram awp chhung chu South India thlegin a zauh a ni.Hyder Ali chuan Nizan of Hyderabad leh English ho aia dinhmun sanga awm a duh avangin he ram pahnihte hi a itsikin a ngaimawh em em a.Chuvang chuan a sipaite cu alet thuma ti chak leh in Nizan of Hyderabad leh English te pahnih in zawmkhawm nen chuan indona thu a puang ta a ni.Mahse English hruaitu General Smith zarah Hyder  Ali chuan Changam leh Thurivannamalai chu kum 1767-ah a hneh leh ta ni.English ho chuan Hyder Ali cu intiamkamna neiin kum 1769-ah the Treaty of Madras an sign pui a,chungte chu;

1] Indona tanga an ram chhuhsak ho kha pakhat te te a pekir leh turin.

2]An hmelhmate beihnaah intanpui rem ti turin a ni..

                                                               

                                                                   INDOPUI  2 [1780-1784]

Mysore in Marathas an va beih kum chu 1771 a ni.Hyder Ali chuan Madras ho nen inremna thuthlung an siam turah  English ho in an puih duhloh avangin Hyder Ali chu a thinrim hle ani.Chuvang chuan Hyder Ali chuan English ho chu beih leh tumin kum 1780-ah chuan English ho nen an indo tur thu apuangzar ta ani.Amaherawh chu Sir Eyre Coote hnuaiah,kum 1781-ah Hyder Ali chuan Porto Nova chu a hneh leh ta ni.Hyder Ali chu kum 1782-ah cancer natna vangin a thi a,mahse afapa Tipu Sultan chuan apa hnung rawn zuiin English ho nen a an indona chu rawn chhunzawmin kum 2 bawr vel an indo a ni.Indona tawp hnuin inremna thuthlung Treaty of Mangalore chu kum 1784-ah an sign ta a ni…

                                                                      INDOPUI  3 [1790-1792]

English ho chuan Nizam leh Marathas-te nena an inlaichinna chu an ti nghet zual sauh a.Tipu pawh chuan a indona hmanruate chu tuaihnum lehin French-ho puihna a dil bawk a ni.Tipu chuan kum 1789-ah English state thrian hnai tak Travancore chu a beih tak avangin Cornwallis chuan Tipu nena indo chu kum  1790-ah a puang ta a ni.An indo chhung zawng hian hnehna an inchan chhawk thin ani.Kum 1792-a indona a tawp khan Tipu chuan English nen inremna Treaty of Srirangapatnam chu an sign ta ani…

                                                                      INDOPUI  4 [1799]

Tipu leh English ina inremna Treaty of Srirangapatnam an sign tawh chu tih hlawhchham leh ani a.Tipu chuan Lord Wellesley hnen atanga puihna dawn chu a duh hauhlo a ni.Lord Wellesley hi Bengal Governor General a ni a. India Company chu Cornwallis aiawha enkawl turin tuge an ruat tak ang.Wellesley chu lo kir lehin indo duh ngailo khan vawilehkhatah Tipu nena an indo tur thu kum 1799 khan apuang ta a ni.Wellesley cvhuan a sipai zawng zawngte nen Tipu chu an hual vek a,mahse Tipu chuan zam hauhlo in a lo bei let a,mahse he indo naah hian Tipu chu a thi ta a ni…     

                      

                                                                                                                                                    

                                                                                                                                                     

                                  

Trace the course of British wars with Mysore? LALHRIATKIMI Roll.No-154

FIRST WAR (1766-1769)

Haider Ali was  defeated at Changam and Thiruvanamalai in 1767.English were forced to enter the Treaty of Madras in1769.It was signed by Haider Ali and the allies, consisting of company, the Raja of Tajore, the Malabar  ruler. It provided a mutual restitution of conquest take place except for Kaur and its districts which were to be retained by the Mysore ruler in case either of the parties was attacked, the other would rally to its assistance, the  Raja  of Tanjore  was to be treated as a  friend of Haider Ali .And the trade priviledges of Bombay presidency and English factories were to be restored. Treaty of Madras which ended the war had the following provision both return the territories conquered from each other and English were to help Hyder  Ali if he was attacked by any power.

SECOND WAR (1780-1784)

Haider Ali declared a war on English in 1780,and he defeated English force in Carnatic. In 1781, Sir Eyre Coote defeated Haider Ali at Port Navo. But next year 1782 Ali died cancer in the course of Anglo-Mysore and was succeeded by his son Tipu. Tipu ruled Mysore till his death at the hands of British in 1799.But the Anglo-Mysore war came to an end with Treaty of Mangalore in 1784.The clauses of the Treaty were as under both sides returned the territories conqured from each other and both sides releases the prisoner of war.

THIRD WAR (1790-1792)

After Ali died Tipu Sultan improved relationship with Nizam and Marathas.He planted a Tree of Liberty at srirangapatam and also he sign Treaty of Srirangapatam  with English. The English got Malabar, Coorg, Dindugal and Baramahal. Tipu Sultan was forced to sign the Treaty of Srirangapatam which contained the following terms Tipu had to part with half of his territory which was divided between the English and the Marathas.Tipu had to pay the war indemnity of these course of rupees which was equally divided among the allies.

FOURTH WAR(1799)

When British occupied Mysore after defeating and killing Tipu in 1799, they were surprised to find that Mysore peasant was much more prosperous than the peasant in British occupied Madras. Wellesly  came to know about Tipu activities,he declared war at once against him in1799.Wellesly himself besieged Srirangapatam.

FIRST WAR (1766-1769)

Changam leh Thiruvanamalai  te chu kum 1767 ah Haider Ali chuan a hneh a,kum 1769 ah Treaty of Madras chu Malabar enkawltu Raja of Tajore leh Haider Ali chuan an sign leh a ni. An sign nachhan chy English ho chuan Haider Ali chu puih an tiam bakah an pahnih chuan an ram awpchhungah let leh turin an intiam a ni. Kaur leh khawpui tih loh an hneh takte chu Mysore ho chuan an enkawl a, tin Bombay leh  English ho  chu  an zalenna  pekkir an ni a bawk  a  ni

SECOND WAR (1780-1784)

English-Mysore war vawi hnihna chu kum 1780-1784 inkarah a ni a,Ali chuan kum 1780 ah English ho a bei a.Mahse kum 1781 ah Sir Eyre Coote hovin English hovin Ali chu an rawn bei a ni. Haider Ali chu kum 1782 ah cancer vangin a thi a a fapa Tipu Sultan chuan ro a rel chhunzawm a kum 1799 a a thih thlengin.Kum 1784 a Treaty of Mangalore an sign a an pahnih chuan an ram awp chin a kir leh  mi tangte laka indo puan thu an sign hnu tang chuan an inbeihna chu a tawp zui a ni.

THIRD WAR (1790-1792)

Ali thih hnu chuan a fapa chuan Nizam leh Marathas nena an inlaichinna chu a siamtha hle a.Treaty of Liberty tih chu Srirangapatam  chu an sign bawk a ni. An sign na chhan chu an Tipu chuan Marathas leh English ho chu a ram chanve chu a pe tur a ni. Allies ho zingah an indo naa an chakloh vangin pawisa an chawi tur a ni. Tin English ho chuan Ali ram thenkhat Malabar,Dindugar,Coorg,Baramachal te chu an chang zui bawk.

FOURTH WAR (1799)

Kum 1799 a Tipu a thih hnu chuan British ho chuan Mysore chu an luah a, chubakah  British ho luah Madras a an hnathawkte aia sum leh paia an hausak zawk vang chuan an lawm hle ani. Wellesly chu Tipu lakah kum 1700 ah indo a puang leh a,Srirangapatam zawng zawng pawh chu Wellesly chuan a hual bet hneh hle ani.

Why was the revolt of 1857 called the first war of Independence? Grace Zothanpari , R\No:1301 BA 14

As the British had been conquering India bit by bit for over a century, popular discontent and hatred against foreign rule had been gaining strength among the different section of Indian society. It was this discontent that burst forth into a mighty popular revolt of 1857. This revolt has been called as the first war of Independence by Indian historian.

            The Revolt of 1857 was much more than a mere product of sepoy discontent. It was in reality a product of the character and policy of British colonial rule. The doctrine of Lapse introduced by Dalhousie led to the outright annexation of eight states. Nana Saheb lost his pension. Rani of Jhansi was not permitted to adopt a son. The annexation of Awadh and deposition of its ruler Wazid Ali  Shah, made Awadh the most prominent centre of the revolt. Bahadur Shah II, the Mughal Emperor and his successors were humiliated by the British. They were prohibited from using their ancestral palace, the Red Fort. Canning announced in1856 that the successors of Bahadur Shah were to be known only as princes and not as kings. So the native rulers turned against the British.                                                                                

            The peasants joined the rebellion because they too were hard hit by the inordinately high revenue demands of the state. The Indian weavers and handicraftsmen were forced to work according to the desire of the servants of the company but they in return receive very little wages. The landlord were devoid of their special privileges. This against the  British  by the craftsmen and landlord.

An important factor in turning Indians against British rule was that it endangered their religion due to the activities of the Christian missionaries who tries to convert people as the British government gave protection and encouragement to them. As the British introduce Abolition of sati (1829), legislation of widow’s remarriage (1856), imposition of taxes on the land belonging to temples and mosque all of them alienated these sections from British.

Immediate cause: By 1857, the material for a mass upheaval was ready, only a spark was needed to set it a fire. The episode of the greased cartridges provided this spark for the sepoy and their mutiny provided the general populace the occasion to revolt. The new Enfield rifle had been introduce in the army .Its cartridges had a grease paper over whose end had to bitten off  before the cartridges were loaded into the rifle. The grease was in some instances composed of beef and a pig. The sepoys,   Hindu as well as Muslim were enraged. On 29 March 1857 at Barrackpore, near Kolkata, Mangal Pandey, a young Indian Sepoy from Bengal Regiment,refused to use the greased cartridge, and shot down his sergeant. He was arrested and executed. When this news spread many sepoys started the revolt .

Although, the war ended in a defeat of the Indians by the English, it was definitely a civilian rebellion as its participants belonged to different sections of the community ranging from nobility and tribal groups. It is called the First war of Independence because this war started the movement in India to gain independence. Although it was not successful but the Indians came to know that they have to unify themselves and sacrifice many lives in order to defeat the British. It is so called because after this war many movements and revolutions were started against the British. This revolt thus accelerated the Independence process      

Q. Engvangin nge 1857 kha zalenna sualna atana  indona hmasa ber an tih chhan?

            British ho khan India ram chhung chu zwi te te in kum zabi chhung an lo awp beh tawh na ah khan, India ram mipui te chu an lungni lo in huatna nasa tak an nei a, chumi in a rwn hrin chhuah chu kum 1857 a British laka helna mi chi hrang hrang telna kha ani a. He helna hi India historian te chuan zalenna sualna atan a indona hmasa ber an vuah ani.

Kum 1857 a helna hi sipai ho lungnih lohna atanga lo chhuak ni in an sawi a, mahse anih na dik takah chuan British hoin an awp bet na rama an rorel dan in a nghawng chhuah ani a. Dalhousie an Doctrine opf Lapse a rawn tih chhuah chuan state pariat te chuawlsam takin a awp bet vat a. Nana Saheb chuan a lalna a chana.Jhansi ami Rani pawh fapa lak an phal sak lo a. Awadh an awpbetna leh an lalpa Wazid Ali Shah an paih thlakna chuan Awadh chu helna chhuahna hmun langsar tak anih phah a. Mughal lal Bahadur ShahII leh a thlah te chu British ho chuan an timualpho a, an thlahtute chenna atagin an hnawtchhuak a.Canning chuan Bahadur a aiawhtute chu lal ni lo in lal fapate tih tur a ti a. Heng te hian ram chhung lal te chu a tithinur a ni.

            Lo neitu te chu chhiah uchuak an chawi turin an bituk sak a. Kutthemthiam te chu an duhdan chiahin hna an thawh tir a hlawh tlem te chauh an pe a.Heng te avang hian hel chu an chak a.

            British ho lakah hel tirtu thil pawimawh tak pakhat chu sakhuana ani a. India mite te chuan sakhaw danga inleh luih tir an hlauh vang ani a, a chhan chu British ho chuan an lo chin than tawh Sati an tih tawp sak a,hmeithai in pasal a neih leh theihna tur dan an siam bawk a, an biakin hmun a chhiah an lak te chuan heng mite hi a hel tir a.

           

Helna a chhuahna bulpui ber chu:1857 ah khan hel thei turin hmanrua zawng zawng a awm tawh a mahse a ti alh chhuaktu a ngai a. Sipai te zing ah chuan silai thar hman tir ani a, chu silai kap puak tur chuan zen lehkha  mawm chu she chuah a ngai hmasa a. Chu thil mawm chu vawk leh bawng thau atanga siam an ti a,hei hian Hindu leh Muslim sipai te chu a ti thinur hle ani. 29 March 1857 ah chuan Kolkatta hnaih taka awm Barrackpore ah chuan Mangal Pandey an tih Bengal regiment ami chuan silai thar chu a hmang duh lo a, an hotupa a kaphlum bawk a. Amah chu an man a an that a, he thu  a darh atang hian sipai te chu an hel ta a ni.

           

He indona hi sap ten India mite a beihletna ah a tawp a. He helna avang a indona ah chak lo mahse mipui helna an tihna chhan chu  ram chhung hmun hrang hrang leh nihna hrang hrang neite an tel vang ani a. India zalenna sualna atana indo na hmasa ber an tih chhan chu hemi hnu atang hian movement leh revolution  chu British te lakah tan ani a.Bakah he helna hian India chu British awpbetna hnuai atanga zalenna hmu thei tura an sualna kawng ah nasa takin chakna a pe a ni.